Projections of leukemia risk associated with occupational exposure to benzene.

In 1982, White et al published an assessment of quantitative leukemia risk associated with lifetime occupational exposure to benzene. At about the same time, IARC (1982) published estimates of quantitative cancer risk associated with industrial chemicals. Benzene was one of the two chemicals selected by IARC for its risk estimation. This paper presents a summary of these assessments along with new study results demonstrating adverse effects on bone marrow and peripheral blood cells as a result of low-level benzene exposure. Mathematical extrapolations based on epidemiologic studies are consistent with a finding of significant risk of dying from leukemia under the current occupational permissible exposure limit of 10 ppm. Although a significant reduction of risk could be expected to be achieved by reducing exposure to 1 ppm, a significant risk may still remain. The uncertainty of the dose-response projections rests on the underlying estimates of relative risk of death from leukemia, the estimates of benzene exposure (dose), and the appropriateness of the mathematical model. Recent findings in experimental animals demonstrate chromosomal damage to bone marrow cells, significant depression of the bone marrow, and disturbances of immune system function as a result of less than 1 week of exposure to the current permissible benzene exposure limit of 10 ppm. This was the lowest dose tested. These experimental findings provide further evidence of a potentially significant risk of bone marrow proliferative cancer (leukemia) as a result of low-dose benzene exposure.