Physical therapists as double agents. Ethical dilemmas of divided loyalties.

Ethical dilemmas arise when physical therapists encounter conflicts between loyalty to their patients and loyalty to their employers. This type of ethical conflict is called "the dilemma of the double agent." If physical therapists perceive themselves as agents of their patients, their employment may be threatened. If physical therapists perceive themselves as agents of their employers, their patients may suffer physical or psychological harm. The double-agent dilemma is illustrated in this article by a hypothetical case study derived from sports physical therapy. Three ethical theories--egoism, utilitarianism, and formalism--are used to analyze the conflict and formulate solutions. A second conflict also is raised between patient autonomy and medical paternalism. As physical therapists become more autonomous, they will assume increased responsibility. Inherent in this increased responsibility is the obligation to recognize and confront ethical dilemmas in physical therapy practice. Resolving ethical dilemmas is difficult, but use of ethical theories can help in the systematic examination of basic assumptions and principles. This article introduces therapists to three ethical theories and presents a model for ethical decision making.