| Literature DB >> 36238748 |
Abstract
Owing to the anatomic complexity of the hepatic hilum, it has been considered difficult to diagnose and treat peri-hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Currently, imaging studies, including contrast-enhanced CT and MRI, play a crucial role in the detection, characterization, staging, and resectability assessment of peri-hilar cholangiocarcinoma. In this review, the classification of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma and proposed imaging protocol for the evaluation will be discussed. The typical imaging finding of peri-hilar cholangiocarcinoma, evaluation of longitudinal tumor extent, adjacent vascular invasion, and distant metastasis will also be mentioned. Finally, traditional concepts and recent updates for the resectability assessment of peri-hilar cholangiocarcinoma will be introduced. CopyrightsEntities:
Year: 2021 PMID: 36238748 PMCID: PMC9431946 DOI: 10.3348/jksr.2021.0018
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Taehan Yongsang Uihakhoe Chi ISSN: 1738-2637
Recommended CT Protocol for the Evaluation of Peri-Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma
| Parameter | Recommendation | Aim |
|---|---|---|
| Slice thickness | Less than 3 mm | High spatial resolution |
| Dynamic scanning | Non-contrast | Evaluation of biliary stone |
| Differentiation of tumor from stone | ||
| Late arterial phase | Evaluation of arterial anatomy | |
| Portal venous phase | Evaluation of longitudinal tumor extent | |
| Detection of liver, lymph node, peritoneal metastasis | ||
| Evaluation of portal vein anatomy | ||
| Post processing | Multiplanar reformation | Evaluation of longitudinal tumor extent |
| Evaluation of vascular anatomy | ||
| Evaluation of tumor vascular invasion | ||
| Scan range | Covering pelvic cavity on at least one phase | Detection of peritoneal metastasis |
Fig. 1A 61-year-old male with abdominal pain and jaundice.
A. Contrast-enhanced portal venous phase axial CT image shows irregular wall thickening of the hilar bile duct (arrows) with mild right intrahepatic duct dilatation, suggesting peri-hilar cholangiocarcinoma.
B. Contrast-enhanced arterial phase axial CT image shows abutment of the right hepatic artery to irregular enhancing wall thickening of the hilar bile duct (arrow).
C. Three-dimensional MR cholangiopancreatography image shows stricture of the hilar bile duct with upstream intrahepatic duct dilatation. Right secondary confluence is involved, suggesting Bismuth-Corlette type IIIa peri-hilar cholangiocarcinoma.
D. Contrast-enhanced portal venous phase axial MR image shows enhancing hilar bile duct wall thickening, involving the right secondary confluence (arrow). An extended right hemihepatectomy was performed; pathologic examination of the surgical specimen revealed adenocarcinoma involving the right secondary confluence and primary confluence of the hilar bile duct, confirming Bismuth-Corlette type IIIa peri-hilar cholangiocarcinoma.