Paroxysmal speech disorder as the initial symptom in a young adult with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis is a treatable but frequently misdiagnosed autoimmune disease. Speech dysfunction, as one of the common manifestations of anti-NMDAR encephalitis, is usually reported as a symptom secondary to psychiatric symptoms or seizures rather than the initial symptom in a paroxysmal form. We report a case of anti-NMDAR encephalitis with paroxysmal speech disorder as a rare initial manifestation, and hope that it will contribute to the literature. CASE
SUMMARY: A 39-year-old man with anti-NMDAR encephalitis initially presented with paroxysmal nonfluent aphasia and was misdiagnosed with a transient ischemic attack and cerebral infarction successively. The patient subsequently presented with seizures, but no abnormalities were found on brain magnetic resonance imaging or electroencephalogram. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis revealed mild pleocytosis and increased protein levels. Anti-NMDAR antibodies in serum and CSF were detected for a conclusive diagnosis. After immunotherapy, the patient made a full recovery.
CONCLUSION: This case suggests that paroxysmal speech disorder may be the presenting symptom of anti-NMDAR encephalitis in a young patient. ©The Author(s) 2022. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

Core Tip: Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis is a treatable but often misdiagnosed autoimmune disease. In this paper, we describe a 39-year-old man with anti-NMDAR encephalitis who initially presented with paroxysmal speech disorder and was subsequently misdiagnosed with a transient ischemic attack and cerebral infarction. The definitive diagnosis was made based on the detection of anti-NMDAR antibodies in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. The patient recovered completely after immunotherapy. This case suggests that paroxysmal speech disorder may be the first symptom of anti-NMDAR encephalitis in a young patient without risk factors for cerebrovascular disease.

INTRODUCTION

Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis was initially reported as a paraneoplastic immune-mediated syndrome associated with ovarian teratoma[1]. Since Dalmau et al[2] discovered antibodies against N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) in 2007, anti-NMDAR encephalitis has been gradually recognized worldwide. The exact incidence of the disease was unknown. A multicenter, population-based prospective study suggested that anti-NMDAR encephalitis accounts for 4% of all causes of encephalitis[3]. Data from the California Encephalitis Project regarding the cause of encephalitis revealed that the frequency of anti-NMDAR encephalitis surpassed that of individual viral etiologies in young individuals[4]. Anti-NMDAR encephalitis is a treatable but often misdiagnosed autoimmune disease[5]. It primarily affects children and young adults (a median age of 21 years), with a higher incidence among females (4:1) but a similar incidence between women and men after the age of 45 years[6]. We present a case of anti-NMDAR encephalitis with paroxysmal speech disorder as the presenting symptom. The patient was initially misdiagnosed with cerebrovascular disease due to a transient ischemic attack (TIA)-like onset, but anti-NMDAR antibodies in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) eventually validated the diagnosis.

CASE PRESENTATION

Chief complaints

A 39-year-old man presented to the emergency department of our hospital complaining of repeated episodes of speech impediment for one day. In addition, he experienced a generalized tonic-clonic seizure an hour before the visit.

History of present illness

The patient's symptoms began with paroxysmal speech disorder one day prior. Each attack lasted for dozens of seconds to several minutes and was not accompanied by other neurological deficits. The patient experienced convulsion with loss of consciousness during his first visit to another hospital. The epileptic attack lasted for two minutes and the patient regained consciousness after ten minutes. He was diagnosed with TIA and treated with 200 mg aspirin and 20 mg atorvastatin. Then, he presented to our hospital with persistent slurred speech lasted for more than one hour.

History of past illness

Except for a headache one month prior, the patient had no significant medical history and no drug in use.

Personal and family history

The patient's personal and family history was unremarkable.

Physical examination

The patient's temperature was 36.5 °C, heart rate was 89 beats per minute, respiratory rate was 18 breaths per minute, blood pressure was 18.1/9.8 KPa and oxygen saturation in room air was 98%. No obvious abnormality was found on neurological examination when he was admitted to another hospital. However, we found nonfluent aphasia and deviation of the tongue to the right on neurological examination.

Laboratory examinations

Routine laboratory studies, including a complete blood count, hepatic and renal function, blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, coagulation testing, autoantibodies, autoantibody spectrum associated with anti-cardiolipin antibodies, thyroid function, homocysteine, serum tumor markers, human immunodeficiency virus antibody test and treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay, were all unremarkable.

Imaging examinations

An initial brain computed tomography (CT) scan showed no significant abnormalities. Brain computed tomography angiography (CTA) showed no intracranial hemorrhage, aneurysm, vascular malformation, or intracranial arterial stenosis. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) further excluded lesions that were easily overlooked on CT. Based on the above imaging findings, ischemic stroke was ruled out.

Electrophysiological detection

Routine and ambulatory electroencephalogram (EEG) showed no epileptic discharges, and the diagnosis of epilepsy was untenable.

Further diagnostic work-up

Lumbar puncture revealed a CSF pressure of 2.21 kPa. CSF analysis revealed a nucleated cell count of 28/μL (normal < 5/μL), which was dominated by lymphocytes (85% lymphocytes, 10% monocytes, 4% neutrophils, 1% eosinophils), lactate dehydrogenase of 56 U/L (normal < 40 U/L), and protein levels of 662 mg/L (normal 120-600 mg/L). The concentrations of glucose, chlorine and adenosine deaminase in the CSF were normal. Anti-NMDAR antibodies were detected in the CSF and serum by indirect immunofluorescence testing using a commercial kit (Euroimmune, Germany). The titer of anti-NMDAR antibody IgG was 1:10 (++) in CSF and 1:32 (++) in serum. Anti-α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid 1, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid 2, gamma-aminobutyric acid-B, leucine-rich glioma-inactivated protein 1, contactin-associated protein-like 2 and glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 antibodies IgG in CSF and serum were negative. No tumor was found on chest CT or abdominal ultrasound.

FINAL DIAGNOSIS

The presence of anti-NMDAR antibodies in serum and CSF led to a final diagnosis of anti-NMDAR encephalitis in the presented case.

TREATMENT

The patient was initially misdiagnosed with TIA and treated with 200 mg aspirin and 20 mg atorvastatin at another hospital. The patient was subsequently misdiagnosed with cerebral infarction and received intravenous thrombolytic therapy with 50 mg of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator at the emergency department of our hospital. Twenty-four hours after thrombolytic therapy, aspirin (200 mg/d) and atorvastatin (20 mg/d) were administered orally in the ward until the final diagnosis was reached.

Ultimately, the patient was diagnosed with anti-NMDAR encephalitis and treated with intravenous immunoglobulin (25 g/d × 5 d) and intravenous methylprednisolone (1000 mg/d × 3 d to 500 mg/d × 3 d to 240 mg/d × 3 d to 120 mg/d × 3 d). Then the patient was discharged with slowly tapered oral methylprednisolone (48 mg qd × 2 wk to reduction of the dosage by 4 mg every 2 wk) (Figure 1).

Figure 1

The timeline of the patient's clinical course. The rectangle represents the time at which the patient received intravenous immunoglobulin; and the triangle represents the time at which the patient received intravenous and oral methylprednisolone. CTA: Computed tomography angiography; NMDAR: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor; CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid; CT: Computed tomography; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; EEG: Electroencephalogram; TIA: Transient ischemic attack; IVIg: Intravenous immunoglobulin.

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

The patient's speech disorder recovered after immunotherapy, and he no longer had seizures. No adverse effect was observed during the treatment. At the follow-up six months after discharge, he was asymptomatic.

DISCUSSION

The NMDAR is a member of the ionotropic glutamate receptor family, which plays a crucial role in neuronal communication[7]. NMDAR-mediated signals control diverse processes across the life course, including synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity, and contribute to excitotoxic processes in neurological disorders[8]. NMDAR overactivity is the proposed underlying mechanism in epilepsy, dementia, and stroke, whereas decreased NMDAR activity results in symptoms of schizophrenia[9]. The antibodies in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis lead to selective and reversible loss of cell-surface NMDARs by capping and internalization, resulting in abrogation of NMDAR-mediated synaptic function, which can cause patients' symptoms, such as psychotic behavior, signs of involvement of dopaminergic pathways (rigidity, dystonia, orofacial movements, tremor) and autonomic dysfunction (cardiac dysrhythmia, hypertension, hypersalivation)[10,11].

Anti-NMDAR encephalitis is the most common cause of treatable autoimmune diseases and is characterized by prominent neuropsychiatric symptoms[12]. The clinical symptoms of the disease are mainly classified into eight groups: Psychiatric and behavioral symptoms, seizures, motor dysfunctions/involuntary movements, memory deficits, speech disorders, decreased levels of consciousness, autonomic dysfunctions and central hypoventilation[13]. Symptom presentations vary between children and adults; neurologic symptoms occur more often in children, while psychiatric symptoms are prevalent in adults[14], but in most cases, the progression of symptoms evolves toward a similar syndrome in days or weeks[6].

According to literature evaluations, over half of the patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis had abnormal speech, including reduced verbal output or mutism, abnormal content, mumbling, echolalia, increased output or perseveration[15,16]. Speech dysfunction is one of the common symptoms of anti-NMDAR encephalitis but is frequently described as a symptom secondary to psychiatric symptoms or seizures rather than the main or initial symptom[17]. To our knowledge, paroxysmal speech disturbance as the first presentation has rarely been reported in anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Finke et al[18] described a patient with anti-NMDAR encephalitis who presented with recurrent aphasia. Episodes were accompanied by headache, hemianopia, and hemiparesis with pleocytosis, mimicking the syndrome of headache with neurological deficits and CSF lymphocytosis (Table 1). The patient in our report had recurrent speech dysfunction at onset but without typical psychiatric symptoms or movement disorders. Therefore, he was originally misdiagnosed with TIA and then with cerebral infarction due to his symptom lasting for more than one hour. Since brain MRI showed no structural abnormalities, we considered that paroxysmal speech disorder might be a form of seizure. However, subsequent EEG recorded no epileptic discharges. The hypothesis was disproved.

Table 1

Comparing the present case with that from Finke et al[18]

Item	The present case	Finke et al[18]
Age (yr)	39	67
Gender	Male	Male
History of past illness	No	Migraine with aura
Vascular risk factors	No	No
Initial paroxysmal symptoms	Nonfluent aphasia	Right homonymous hemianopia, global aphasia and right hemiparesis
Accompanying symptoms	Generalized tonic-clonic seizures	Throbbing bilateral headaches, confusion and agitation
CSF analysis	Mild pleocytosis (28 cells/μL) dominated by lymphocytes (85%) and elevated protein (662 mg/L)	Lymphocytic pleocytosis (95 cells/mL) with few activated lymphocytes and plasma cells and elevated protein (96 mg/dL)
Brain MRI	No lesions	Mild frontoparietal microangiopathic leucoencephalopathy
EEG	No epileptic discharges	First: Moderate generalized slowing; r: Normal
Tumor screening	Negative	Negative
Testing for anti-NMDAR antibodies	IgG NMDAR antibodies in both CSF (titer, 1:10) and serum (titer, 1:32)	IgG NMDAR antibodies in CSF (titer, 1:32), but not serum
Treatment	Intravenous immunoglobulin and methylprednisolone, followed by oral methylprednisolone	Oral corticosteroids and plasma exchange, followed by azathioprine
Outcome	Asymptomatic	No further episodes occurred, but verbal long-term memory deficit persisted

MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid; EEG: Electroencephalogram; NMDAR: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor.

This case deserves our attention as we consider the diagnostic and treatment options. First, this patient was a young adult with no risk factors for cerebrovascular disease (e.g., hypertension, diabetes, cardiopathy, etc.) and no abnormalities on brain CTA. Furthermore, this patient had a headache a month before onset, which is exactly one of the common prodromal symptoms of anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Finally, the patient had a seizure during the visit, which is seldom observed in ischemic stroke but is a common symptom of anti-NMDAR encephalitis.

To date, the pathophysiological mechanism of speech impairments caused by anti-NMDAR encephalitis remains unclear. Hébert et al[17] reported a case of adult-onset anti-NMDAR encephalitis presenting primarily as progressive nonfluent aphasia. The patient's EEG showed the left frontotemporal slow wave activity, suggesting that the function of left frontal and opercular structures might be affected. Constantinides et al[19] described a case of an adult patient with anti-NMDAR encephalitis presenting with isolated, abrupt-onset aphasia. The patient's EEG revealed paroxysmal left temporal theta and delta waves. Deiva et al[20] reported a child with anti-NMDAR encephalitis who presented sudden and isolated Broca's aphasia following partial seizures and whose sleep EEG showed a repetitive pattern of focal theta rhythms spreading through the left hemisphere(Table 2). Similar electrical patterns were also described in previous anti-NMDAR encephalitis studies[21,22]. These studies suggested that these patterns did not necessarily correlate with seizures[17,21] but were probably the result of an increased frontotemporal-to-occipital gradient in cerebral glucose metabolism due to impaired NMDAR function[22]. Unfortunately, similar EEG abnormalities were not found in our case. However, the EEGs of the reported cases of anti-NMDAR encephalitis with aphasia provided neurophysiological evidence of left focal cortical dysfunction. Finke et al[18] speculated that cortical spreading depression (CSD) might be related to the patient's transient neurological symptoms. According to their hypothesis, CSD can be experimentally induced by glutamate, and it is assumed that an antibody-mediated decrease in NMDAR leads to increased glutamatergic activity by inactivating GABAergic neurons[10,18].

Table 2

Reported cases of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis with aphasia as the sole or dominant manifestation

Item	Constantinides et al[19]	Hébert et al[17]	Deiva et al[20]
Age (yr)	29	29	4
Gender	Female	Female	Female
Presenting symptoms	Isolated, abrupt-onset aphasia	A progressive nonfluent aphasia; simple partial seizures; confusion and emotional lability	Fever; repeated right partial motor seizures; sudden and isolated Broca's aphasia
Description of language difficulties	With a 6-mo history of aphasia; her prominent impairment, namely, non-fluent aphasic disturbances (effortful, halting speech with sound errors), had progressed rapidly and reached a peak in 72 h, at which point she was unable to speak and had difficulties in writing, but her ability to perceive verbal stimuli was relatively preserved	6-d history of progressive word-finding difficulties	The patient suddenly presented isolated speech difficulties; speech evaluation showed that her receptive language was preserved but that expressive language was affected associated with anomia, and anarthria suggestive of Broca's aphasia
EEG	Paroxysmal left temporal theta and delta waves	Abundant intermittent polymorphic slow wave activity over the left lateral frontotemporal area	Waking EEG was characterized by unilateral left hemispheric slowing, and sleep EEG showed a repetitive pattern of focal theta rhythms over 10-15 s in the postero-temporal region which then spread to the whole left hemisphere for 45-60 s
Brain MRI	Normal	Normal	Normal
CSF analysis	Within normal limits (3 white blood cells × 106/L, protein 420 g/L), with negative cytology	Within normal limits (2 white blood cells × 106/L, 95% lymphocytes, protein 0.20 g/L, glucose 3.7 mmol/L) with normal cytology	19 leukocytes, with 0.22 g/L of protein and no oligoclonal bands
Testing for anti-NMDAR antibodies	Positive in both serum and CSF	Positive in CSF	Positive (1:100) in both serum and CSF
Screening for ovarian teratoma	Negative	A 5.3 cm right adnexal cystic teratoma (confirmed by pathology)	Negative
Immunotherapy	A 5-d course of intravenous methylprednisolone 1 g/d, followed by slowly tapered oral methylprednisolone 1 mg/kg per day; six courses of plasmapheresis; azathioprine 50 mg bid	A 2d course of 2 mg/kg intravenous immunoglobulin	Intravenous rituximab (375 mg/m2)
Prognosis	Aphasia eventually resolved at the 1 yr follow-up	10 mo after symptom onset, her language impairments completely resolved, but she had impaired recollection of the events surrounding her hospitalization	After 20 mo of follow-up, the child had completely recovered and was free of seizures

EEG: Electroencephalogram; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid; NMDAR: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor.

From previous observations, approximately 90% of anti-NMDAR encephalitis patients had at least four symptoms by the fourth week of disease onset[6], and mono- or oligosymptomatic presentations of anti-NMDAR encephalitis were rare[6,10]. The atypical manifestations of our case might be due to early initiation of immunotherapy, which prevented the development of the complete clinical phenotype of anti-NMDAR encephalitis[18].

On physical examination, the patient's tongue deviated to the right when he was asked to extend it. As no involuntary movements of the patient's jaw, mouth, tongue, or lower face were observed, the phenomenon was thought to be functional or central hypoglossal palsy rather than oromandibular dystonia or orofacial dyskinesia.

No lesion was found on our patient's brain MRI scan. A systematic review indicated that MRI scans showed abnormal findings in less than 50% of patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis[23]. The CSF test revealed a slight increase in cell count and protein. Dalmau et al[11] reported that 95% of patients had CSF abnormalities, 91% had a mild-to-moderate lymphocytic increase, and 32% had a mildly elevated level of protein. Anti-NMDAR encephalitis was diagnosed based on the clinical manifestations, evidence of CSF, brain MRI, EEG and the antibodies against the NR1 subunit of the NMDAR in CSF and/or serum[13]. Speech impairment and seizures, as well as positive anti-NMDAR IgG antibodies in CSF and serum, led to the patient's ultimate diagnosis. Despite the severity of anti-NMDAR encephalitis, patients tend to have a good prognosis after immunotherapy[6]. Our patient made a full recovery after intravenous immunoglobulin and steroid administration. Therefore, early diagnosis and immunotherapy are important to patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis.

The present report describes a young patient with a peculiar initial manifestation, and it demonstrates that a patient with anti-NMDAR encephalitis can present solely paroxysmal speech dysfunction with no additional symptoms of limbic encephalitis at onset. This case may also help us to further understand the manifestation of speech dysfunction in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. The likelihood of anti-NMDAR encephalitis should be considered in a young adult with paroxysmal speech disorder and clinical features of limbic encephalitis, such as psychiatric disorders, seizures, and cognitive impairment.

CONCLUSION

This case suggests that paroxysmal speech disorder may be the first symptom of anti-NMDAR encephalitis in a young patient without risk factors for cerebrovascular disease. Recognizing that is vital to early diagnosis and more timely treatment for future cases.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We sincerely thank the patient involved in this paper.