Carla Lanca1,2, Mohammad Hassan Emamian3, Yee Ling Wong4, Hassan Hashemi5, Mehdi Khabazkhoob6, Andrzej Grzybowski7,8, Seang Mei Saw9,10,11, Akbar Fotouhi12. 1. Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa (ESTeSL), Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal. 2. Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal. 3. Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran. emamian@shmu.ac.ir. 4. R&D AMERA, Essilor International, Singapore, Singapore. 5. Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran. 6. Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 7. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland. 8. Institute for Research in Ophthalmology, Foundation for Ophthalmology Development, Poznan, Poland. 9. Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore. 10. Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore. 11. Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. 12. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To determine spherical equivalent (SE) progression among children in the Shahroud School Children Eye Cohort Study. METHODS: A prospective cohort study recruited children aged 6 to 12 years in 2015 (baseline) with a follow-up in 2018. Cycloplegic autorefraction and axial length (AL) measurements were included. SE progression over 3 years was analysed in non-myopic (SE ≥ + 0.76 D), pre-myopic (PM; SE between +0.75 D and -0.49 D), low myopic (LM; SE between -0.5 D and -5.99 D), and high myopic (HM; SE ≤ - 6 D) eyes. Age, sex, near work, outdoor time, living place, parental myopia, mother's education, and baseline SE were evaluated as risk factors for SE progression (≤ -0.50 D). RESULTS: Data were available for 3989 children (7945 eyes). At baseline, 40.3% (n = 3205), 3.4% (n = 274) and 0.1% (n = 7) eyes had PM, LM and HM, respectively. At the 3-year follow-up, 40.5% (n = 3216), 7.5% (n = 599) and 0.2% (n = 15) eyes had PM, LM, and HM, respectively. SE progression in eyes with LM and HM was -1.08 ± 0.76 D and -1.60 ± 1.19 D, respectively. SE progression was associated with age at baseline (Odds Ratio [OR] = 1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-1.21), female sex (OR = 1.80; 95% CI: 1.48-2.18), near work (OR = 1.08; 95% CI: 1.02-1.14), parental myopia (OR = 1.20; 95% CI: 1.01-1.42) and baseline SE (OR = 2.28; 95% CI: 1.88-2.78). CONCLUSION: A myopic shift was associated with older age, female sex, near work, parental myopia and greater myopic baseline SE. These results help identifying children at risk of progression that may benefit from treatment and lifestyle counselling.
OBJECTIVES: To determine spherical equivalent (SE) progression among children in the Shahroud School Children Eye Cohort Study. METHODS: A prospective cohort study recruited children aged 6 to 12 years in 2015 (baseline) with a follow-up in 2018. Cycloplegic autorefraction and axial length (AL) measurements were included. SE progression over 3 years was analysed in non-myopic (SE ≥ + 0.76 D), pre-myopic (PM; SE between +0.75 D and -0.49 D), low myopic (LM; SE between -0.5 D and -5.99 D), and high myopic (HM; SE ≤ - 6 D) eyes. Age, sex, near work, outdoor time, living place, parental myopia, mother's education, and baseline SE were evaluated as risk factors for SE progression (≤ -0.50 D). RESULTS: Data were available for 3989 children (7945 eyes). At baseline, 40.3% (n = 3205), 3.4% (n = 274) and 0.1% (n = 7) eyes had PM, LM and HM, respectively. At the 3-year follow-up, 40.5% (n = 3216), 7.5% (n = 599) and 0.2% (n = 15) eyes had PM, LM, and HM, respectively. SE progression in eyes with LM and HM was -1.08 ± 0.76 D and -1.60 ± 1.19 D, respectively. SE progression was associated with age at baseline (Odds Ratio [OR] = 1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-1.21), female sex (OR = 1.80; 95% CI: 1.48-2.18), near work (OR = 1.08; 95% CI: 1.02-1.14), parental myopia (OR = 1.20; 95% CI: 1.01-1.42) and baseline SE (OR = 2.28; 95% CI: 1.88-2.78). CONCLUSION: A myopic shift was associated with older age, female sex, near work, parental myopia and greater myopic baseline SE. These results help identifying children at risk of progression that may benefit from treatment and lifestyle counselling.
Authors: Jason C Yam; Yuning Jiang; Shu Min Tang; Antony K P Law; Joyce J Chan; Emily Wong; Simon T Ko; Alvin L Young; Clement C Tham; Li Jia Chen; Chi Pui Pang Journal: Ophthalmology Date: 2018-07-06 Impact factor: 12.079
Authors: Leslie Donovan; Padmaja Sankaridurg; Arthur Ho; Thomas Naduvilath; Earl L Smith; Brien A Holden Journal: Optom Vis Sci Date: 2012-01 Impact factor: 1.973
Authors: Brien A Holden; Timothy R Fricke; David A Wilson; Monica Jong; Kovin S Naidoo; Padmaja Sankaridurg; Tien Y Wong; Thomas J Naduvilath; Serge Resnikoff Journal: Ophthalmology Date: 2016-02-11 Impact factor: 12.079
Authors: Kathryn A Rose; Ian G Morgan; Jenny Ip; Annette Kifley; Son Huynh; Wayne Smith; Paul Mitchell Journal: Ophthalmology Date: 2008-02-21 Impact factor: 12.079
Authors: Dorian Tricard; Simon Marillet; Pierre Ingrand; Mark A Bullimore; Rupert R A Bourne; Nicolas Leveziel Journal: Br J Ophthalmol Date: 2021-03-12 Impact factor: 5.908