| Literature DB >> 35966442 |
Igor Natário Pinheiro1, Igor Stefano Menescal Pedrinha1, Phelippe Augusto Valente Maia1, André Rodrigues de Oliveira Cortes1, Rodrigo Pires E Albuquerque1, João Maurício Barretto1.
Abstract
Objective The present paper aims to describe multiligament knee injuries and to associate their features with the profile of the patients and trauma mechanisms. Methods This is a cross-sectional study evaluating 82 patients with multiligament knee injuries from September 2016 to September 2018. Evaluated parameters included age, gender, mechanical axis, affected side, range of motion, trauma mechanism, associated injuries, affected ligaments, and absence from work. Results The sample included patients aged between 16 and 58 years old, with an average age of 29.7 years old; most subjects were males, with 92.7% of cases. The most common trauma mechanism was motorcycle accident (45.1%). The most injured ligament was the anterior cruciate ligament (80.5%), followed by the posterior cruciate ligament (77.1%), the posterolateral corner (61.0%), and the tibial collateral ligament (26.8%). The most frequent type of dislocation was KD IIIL (30.4%). Only 1 patient had a vascular injury, and 13 (15.9%) presented with neurological injuries. Most subjects took medical leave from work (52.4%). Conclusion There is a big difference between patients with multiligament lesions in Brazil compared with international studies. Thus, it is advisable to carry out more specific studies on the topic with our population to improve the treatment of these patients. Sociedade Brasileira de Ortopedia e Traumatologia. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commecial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).Entities:
Keywords: joint instability; knee dislocation; knee injuries
Year: 2022 PMID: 35966442 PMCID: PMC9365474 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1731798
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Rev Bras Ortop (Sao Paulo) ISSN: 0102-3616
Classification of knee dislocations according to Schenck
| Classification | Injury |
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| Injury involves only one cruciate ligament and a collateral ligament |
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| Injury involves both cruciate ligaments |
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| Injury involves both cruciate ligaments and the tibial collateral ligament |
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| Injury involves both cruciate ligaments and the fibular collateral ligament |
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| All four ligaments are injured |
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| Knee dislocation associated with fracture |
Characteristics of patients with injured knees
| Variable | Frequency | |
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| F | % | |
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| Female | 6 | 7.3% |
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| 10 |— 20 | 8 | 9.8% |
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| 40 |— 50 | 9 | 11.0% |
| 50 |— 60 | 3 | 3.7% |
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| Adequate | 14 | 28.6% |
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| Right | 39 | 47.6% |
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| Valgus | 15 | 18.3% |
| Varus | 28 | 34.1% |
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| KD I | 19 | 23.1% |
| KD II | 10 | 12.1% |
| KD III M | 12 | 14.6% |
| KD III L | 25 | 30.4% |
| KD IV | 6 | 7.3% |
| KD V | 10 | 12.1% |
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| - 5 to 110° | 1 | 1.2% |
| - 5 to 140° | 2 | 2.4% |
| - 5 to 128° | 1 | 1.2% |
| 0 to 70° | 1 | 1.2% |
| 0 to 90° | 3 | 3.7% |
| 0 to 100° | 7 | 8.5% |
| 0 to 105° | 1 | 1.2% |
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| 0 to 120° | 11 | 13.4% |
| 0 to 130° | 18 | 22.0% |
| 0 to 135° | 1 | 1.2% |
| 0 to 136° | 1 | 1.2% |
| 0 to 140° | 4 | 4.9% |
| 5 to 100° | 1 | 1.2% |
| 10 to 110° | 1 | 1.2% |
| 20 to 100° | 1 | 1.2% |
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Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; INSS, Brazilian Social Security Institute.
Based on n = 49, since body mass index (BMI) data was only available for 49 subjects.
Fig. 1Box diagram showing the age distribution of patients with multiligament knee injuries.
Distribution of the mechanism resulting in multiligament knee injuries
| Injury-generating | Global | Age < | Age ≥ 30 years old | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Motorcycle accident | 37 | 45.1% | 23 | 51.1% | 14 | 37.8% |
| Car accident | 9 | 11.0% | 4 | 8.9% | 5 | 13.5% |
| Soccer | 9 | 11.0% | 6 | 13.3% | 3 | 8.1% |
| Fight | 8 | 9.8% | 3 | 6.6% | 5 | 13.5% |
| Fall from height | 6 | 7.3% | 3 | 6.6% | 3 | 8.1% |
| Running over | 4 | 4.9% | 1 | 2.2% | 3 | 8.1% |
| Job-related accident | 2 | 2.4% | 2 | 4.4% | 0 | 0.0% |
| Ox kick | 2 | 2.4% | 1 | 2.2% | 1 | 2.7% |
| Fall from elevator | 1 | 1.2% | 0 | 0.0% | 1 | 2.7% |
| Fall in hole | 1 | 1.2% | 0 | 0.0% | 1 | 2.7% |
| Skate | 1 | 1.2% | 1 | 2.2% | 0 | 0.0% |
| Paintball match | 1 | 1.2% | 0 | 0.0% | 1 | 2.7% |
| Torsional trauma | 1 | 1.2% | 1 | 2.2% | 0 | 0.0% |
Frequency of multiligament knee injuries identified by clinical examination and/or magnetic resonance imaging, both global and compared by age group
| Injuries | Global | Age < 30 years old | Age ≥30 years old | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anterior cruciate ligament | 66 | 80.50% | 33 | 73.30% | 33 | 89.20% | 0.071 |
| Posterior cruciate ligament | 64 | 77.10% | 33 | 73.30% | 31 | 82.80% | 0.408 |
| CPL | 50 | 61.0% | 27 | 60.0% | 23 | 73.00% | 0.842 |
| Medial collateral ligament | 22 | 21.00% | 10 | 22.20% | 12 | 32.40% | 0.299 |
| Lateral collateral ligament | 7 | 8.5% | 5 | 11.1% | 2 | 5.40% |
0.449
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| Medial meniscus | 21 | 25.60% | 10 | 22.20% | 11 | 29.70% | 0.438 |
| Lateral meniscus | 12 | 14.60% | 4 | 8.90% | 8 | 21.60% | 0.105 |
| Fibular nerve | 2 | 2.40% | 0 | 0.00% | 2 | 5.40% |
0.201
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| Posterior plateau | 1 | 1.20% | 0 | 0.00% | 1 | 2.70% |
0.451
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| Biceps avulsion | 1 | 1.20% | 1 | 2.20% | 0 | 0.00% |
1.000
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The Fisher exact test was used in this case.
Frequencies of dislocation and fractures associated with multiligament knee injuries
| Dislocation and Fractures |
Global
| Age < 30 years old | Age ≥ 30 years old | chi-squared test comparing frequencies from both age groups |
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| Knee dislocation | 18 (22.0%) | 7 (15.6%) | 11 (29.7%) | 0.180 |
| At least one fracture | 22 (26.8%) | 12 (26.7%) | 10 (27.0%) | 0.908 |
| Acetabular fracture | 4 (4.9%) | 2 (4.4%) | 2 (5.4%) |
1.000
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| Tibial fracture | 4 (4.9%) | 4 (8.9%) | 0 (0.0%) |
0.123
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| Ankle fracture | 4 (4.9%) | 1 (2.2%) | 3 (8.1%) |
0.323
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| Femoral fracture | 3 (3.7%) | 2 (4.4%) | 1 (2.7%) |
1.000
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| Knee fracture | 3 (3.7%) | 1 (2.2%) | 2 (5.4%) |
0.586
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| Tibial plateau fracture | 2 (2.4%) | 1 (2.2%) | 1 (2.7%) |
0.201
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| Compartmental syndrome | 1 (1.2%) | 1 (2.2%) | 0 (0.0%) |
1.000
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| Fibular fracture | 1 (1.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (2.7%) |
0.451
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| Medial malleolus fracture | 1 (1.2%) | 1 (2.2%) | 0 (0.0%) |
1.000
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| Tibial diaphyseal fracture | 1 (1.2%) | 1 (2.2%) | 0 (0.0%) |
1.000
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The Fisher exact test was used in this case for comparison.
Frequency of neurological injuries associated with multiligament knee injuries, both global and compared by age group
| Neurological Injury | Global | Age < 30 years old | Age ≥ 30 years old | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neurological injury | 13 (15.9%) | 8 (17.7%) | 5 (13.5%) | 0.599 |
| Fibular nerve | 12 (14.6%) | 8 (17.7%) | 4 (10.8%) |
0.674
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| Tibial nerve | 2 (1.2%) | 2 (4.4%) | 0 (0.0%) |
0.451
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The Fisher exact test was used in this case for comparison.
Características dos pacientes e dos joelhos lesionados
| Variável | Frequência | |
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| F | % | |
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| Feminino | 6 | 7,3% |
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| 10 |— 20 | 8 | 9,8% |
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| 40 |— 50 | 9 | 11,0% |
| 50 |—60 | 3 | 3,7% |
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| Adequado | 14 | 28,6% |
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| Direito | 39 | 47,6% |
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| Valgo | 15 | 18,3% |
| Varo | 28 | 34,1% |
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| KD I | 19 | 23,1% |
| KD II | 10 | 12,1% |
| KD III M | 12 | 14,6% |
| KD III L | 25 | 30,4% |
| KD IV | 6 | 7,3% |
| KD V | 10 | 12,1% |
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| - 5 a 110° | 1 | 1,2% |
| - 5 a 140° | 2 | 2,4% |
| - 5 a 128° | 1 | 1,2% |
| 0 a 70° | 1 | 1,2% |
| 0 a 90° | 3 | 3,7% |
| 0 a 100° | 7 | 8,5% |
| 0 a 105° | 1 | 1,2% |
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| 0 a 120° | 11 | 13,4% |
| 0 a 130° | 18 | 22,0% |
| 0 a 135° | 1 | 1,2% |
| 0 a 136° | 1 | 1,2% |
| 0 a 140° | 4 | 4,9% |
| 5 a 100° | 1 | 1,2% |
| 10 a 110° | 1 | 1,2% |
| 20 a 100° | 1 | 1,2% |
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Abreviações: IMC, índice de massa corporal; INSS, instituto nacional do seguro social.
Baseado em n = 49, pois só 49 pacientes tinham dados de IMC.
Fig. 1Diagrama de caixa da distribuição de idade dos pacientes portadores de lesões multiligamentares no joelho.
Distribuição do mecanismo gerador das lesões multiligamentares no joelho
| Mecanismo gerador da lesão | Global | Idade < 30 anos | Idade ≥ 30 anos | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acidente de motocicleta | 37 | 45,1% | 23 | 51,1% | 14 | 37,8% |
| Acidente de automóvel | 9 | 11,0% | 4 | 8,9% | 5 | 13,5% |
| Futebol | 9 | 11,0% | 6 | 13,3% | 3 | 8,1% |
| Luta | 8 | 9,8% | 3 | 6,6% | 5 | 13,5% |
| Queda de altura | 6 | 7,3% | 3 | 6,6% | 3 | 8,1% |
| Atropelamento | 4 | 4,9% | 1 | 2,2% | 3 | 8,1% |
| Acidente de trabalho | 2 | 2,4% | 2 | 4,4% | 0 | 0,0% |
| Coice de boi | 2 | 2,4% | 1 | 2,2% | 1 | 2,7% |
| Queda de elevador | 1 | 1,2% | 0 | 0,0% | 1 | 2,7% |
| Queda em buraco | 1 | 1,2% | 0 | 0,0% | 1 | 2,7% |
| Skate | 1 | 1,2% | 1 | 2,2% | 0 | 0,0% |
| Jogo de paintball | 1 | 1,2% | 0 | 0,0% | 1 | 2,7% |
| Trauma torcional | 1 | 1,2% | 1 | 2,2% | 0 | 0,0% |
Frequência das lesões multiligamentares no joelho identificadas por exame clínico e/ou ressonância magnética, global e comparação por faixa etária
| Lesões | Global | Idade < 30 anos | Idade ≥ 30 anos | Valor-p do | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| teste qui-quadrado | |||||||
| comparando as frequências dos dois grupos etários | |||||||
| LCA | 66 | 80,50% | 33 | 73,30% | 33 | 89,20% | 0,071 |
| LCP | 64 | 77,10% | 33 | 73,30% | 31 | 82,80% | 0,408 |
| CPL | 50 | 61,0% | 27 | 60,0% | 23 | 73,00% | 0,842 |
| LCM | 22 | 21,00% | 10 | 22,20% | 12 | 32,40% | 0,299 |
| LCL | 7 | 8,5% | 5 | 11,1% | 2 | 5,40% |
0,449
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| MM | 21 | 25,60% | 10 | 22,20% | 11 | 29,70% | 0,438 |
| ML | 12 | 14,60% | 4 | 8,90% | 8 | 21,60% | 0,105 |
| N. fibular | 2 | 2,40% | 0 | 0,00% | 2 | 5,40% |
0,201
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| Platô posterior | 1 | 1,20% | 0 | 0,00% | 1 | 2,70% |
0,451
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| Avulsão Biceps | 1 | 1,20% | 1 | 2,20% | 0 | 0,00% |
1,000
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Abreviações: LCA, ligamento cruzado anterior; LCP, ligamento cruzado posterior.
Neste caso, foi usado o teste Exato de Fisher.
Frequência de luxação e fraturas ocorridas conjuntamente às lesões multiligamentares no joelho
| Luxação e fraturas |
Global
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Idade < 30 anos
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Idade ≥ 30 anos
| Teste qui-quadrado comparando as frequências dos dois grupos etários |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Luxação do joelho | 18 (22,0%) | 7 (15,6%) | 11 (29,7%) | 0,180 |
| Pelo menos 1 fratura | 22 (26,8%) | 12 (26,7%) | 10 (27,0%) | 0,908 |
| Fratura de Acetábulo | 4 (4,9%) | 2 (4,4%) | 2 (5,4%) |
1,000
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| Fratura de Tíbia | 4 (4,9%) | 4 (8,9%) | 0 (0,0%) |
0,123
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| Fratura de Tornozelo | 4 (4,9%) | 1 (2,2%) | 3 (8,1%) |
0,323
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| Fratura de Fêmur | 3 (3,7%) | 2 (4,4%) | 1 (2,7%) |
1,000
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| Fratura do joelho | 3 (3,7%) | 1 (2,2%) | 2 (5,4%) |
0,586
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| Fratura do Planalto Tibial | 2 (2,4%) | 1 (2,2%) | 1 (2,7%) |
0,201
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| Sindrome compartimental | 1 (1,2%) | 1 (2,2%) | 0 (0,0%) |
1,000
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| Fratura da Fíbula | 1 (1,2%) | 0 (0,0%) | 1 (2,7%) |
0,451
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| Fratura do maléolo medial | 1 (1,2%) | 1 (2,2%) | 0 (0,0%) |
1,000
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| Fratura da diafise tibial | 1 (1,2%) | 1 (2,2%) | 0 (0,0%) |
1,000
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Neste caso, foi usado o teste Exato de Fisher na comparação.
Frequência de lesões neurológicas ocorridas conjuntamente às lesões multiligamentares no joelho, global e comparação por faixa etária
| Lesão neurológica | Global | Idade | Idade ≥ 30 anos | Valor-p do teste qui-quadrado comparando as |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lesão neurológica | 13 (15,9%) | 8 (17,7%) | 5 (13,5%) | 0,599 |
| Nervo fbular | 12 (14,6%) | 8 (17,7%) | 4 (10,8%) |
0,674
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| Nervo tibial | 2 (1,2%) | 2 (4,4%) | 0 (0,0%) |
0,451
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Neste caso, foi usado o teste Exato de Fisher na comparação.
Classificação dos tipos de luxação do joelho de acordo com Schenck
| Classificação | Lesão |
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| Envolvendo apenas um ligamento cruzado associado à lesão de um ligamento colateral |
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| Envolvendo ambos os ligamentos cruzados |
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| Lesão dos dois ligamentos cruzados e do ligamento colateral tibial |
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| Lesão dos dois ligamentos cruzados e do ligamento colateral fibular |
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| Todos os quatro ligamentos envolvidos |
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| Luxação do joelho com fratura associada |