Literature DB >> 35903837

[Imine-linked porous covalent organic framework used for the solid-phase extraction of estrogens from honey prior to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].

Hui Li1, Gengbiao Ren2, Huijuan Li2, Xiangfeng Chen2, Zhiguo Zhang1, Yanfang Zhao2.   

Abstract

This study aimed to establish a method for the rapid determination of trace estrogens in honey samples by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) using imine-linked porous covalent organic framework material (IL-COF-1) as the adsorbent for solid-phase extraction (SPE). Estradiol (E1), diethylstilbestrol (DES), estriol (E3), β-estradiol (E2), and ethinylestradiol (EE2) were used as the target analytes. A single factor optimization method was performed to optimize the extraction effect by adding estrogens to honey samples. The optimal conditions were as follows. A total of 30 mg IL-COF-1 was filled in the SPE column. The sample pH was adjusted to 7. The sample was loaded at a flow rate of 3 mL/min and eluted with 5 mL of a 1% (v/v) NH3·H2O-methanol solution. The flow rate of the eluent was 0.4 mL/min. NaCl was not added in the extraction process. HPLC coupled to electrospray ionization and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry was introduced to quantify the estrogens in the extracts. The estrogens were separated on a Thermo Fisher Scientific C18 analytical column (100 mm×2.1 mm, 5 μm). Acetonitrile and 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate solution were used as the mobile phases for gradient elution. The column temperature was set at 40 ℃, and the autosampler temperature was maintained at 10 ℃. The rapid qualitative and quantitative analysis of the five estrogens in the honey samples was operated under multiple reaction monitoring mode in a negative electrospray ion source mode. IL-COF-1 prepared in six batches was used as a filler for the SPE column. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the recoveries of the estrogens among different batches were 5.2%-9.1%. The reusability of IL-COF-1 material was assessed. After six SPE cycles on the same solid-phase extraction column, the RSDs of the estrogen recoveries were 2.5%-6.1%, indicating that IL-COF-1 has good reusability. The recoveries of estrogens obtained on an IL-COF-1 solid-phase extraction column within 6 days (tested once a day) were 95.1%-107.4%, and the RSDs were 6.2%-8.9%. These results confirmed that the SPE filler had good stability. The method validation results showed that the linear detection ranges were 1-500 ng/g for E3, E2, and EE2, and 0.1-100 ng/g for E1 and DES withe the correlation coefficients of 0.9934-0.9972. The limits of detection (LODs, S/N=3) were 0.01-0.30 ng/g, and the limits of quantification (LOQs, S/N=10) were 0.05-0.95 ng/g. Five estrogens were added (50 ng/g) for the repeated experiments. The RSDs of the intra-day precision were 3.2%-6.6%. The RSDs of the inter-day precision were 4.2%-7.9%. This method was applied to determine the estrogen levels in four honey samples, and no estrogen was found. The recoveries of the five estrogens in sample spiked at three levels including low, middle, and high levels were investigated, and satisfactory recoveries (80.1%-115.2%) were obtained. The SPE-HPLC-MS/MS method based on IL-COF-1 is rapid, accurate, and sensitive, making it suitable for analyzing and detecting estrogen in honey. Further exploration of the use of IL-COF-1 for the extraction processes is in progress.

Entities:  

Keywords:  covalent organic framework; estrogen; honey; liquid chromatography (LC); solid-phase extraction (SPE); sorbent; tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS)

Mesh:

Substances:

Year:  2022        PMID: 35903837      PMCID: PMC9404133          DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2022.03017

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Se Pu        ISSN: 1000-8713


雌激素是一种重要的内分泌干扰化合物[,与人类身体器官的癌变有很大的关系,如乳腺癌、前列腺癌和卵巢癌等[。近年来,在环境水体、表层沉积物和牛奶中均检测到了雌激素[,蜂蜜中的雌激素可能来自于环境污染和人工添加[。根据美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration, FDA)和欧洲食品安全管理局(European Food Safety Authority, EFSA)的规定,蜂蜜中禁止添加雌激素[。蜂蜜中的雌激素含量通常较低,检测时会伴有许多干扰物质。但是目前国内并没有相关的标准检测方法,所以需要发展一种简单、灵敏、快速的检测方法,以应对蜂蜜样品中痕量雌激素的检测需求。 目前雌激素常用的分析方法有液相色谱-质谱法(LC-MS)[和气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)[。样品在色谱或质谱分析之前,需要富集目标物。各种预处理方法中,固相萃取(SPE)技术具有重现性好、回收率高、萃取时间短、有机溶剂消耗量低等优点,被认为是雌激素样品预处理的有效技术[。利用聚苯乙烯-二乙烯基苯(HLB)吸附剂萃取蜂蜜中雌激素时,其他杂质成分可能会吸附在HLB吸附剂上,干扰雌激素的富集[。这些干扰物的共吸附不仅影响雌激素的保留,还会产生基质效应。因此,通常需要前处理程序来减少基质效应,提高方法精度。共价有机骨架材料(covalent organic framework materials, COF)是一种新型多孔材料,由轻质元素组成,通过强共价键与有机单体连接[。因为COF具有大的负载容量、可调节的孔径、高比表面积、高热稳定性和化学稳定性[等优点,所以被广泛应用于固相萃取技术。 在本研究中,我们制备了以亚胺连接的多孔共价有机骨架材料(imine-linked porous covalent organic framework material, IL-COF-1),作为SPE的吸附剂,用来富集蜂蜜中的雌激素。采用单因素优化法对固相萃取条件进行优化,提出了一种用于蜂蜜中雌激素定量检测的固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱(SPE-HPLC-MS/MS)方法。

1 实验部分

1.1 仪器、试剂与材料

SWPRATM55扫描电子显微镜(德国蔡司公司), Nicolet710傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(美国尼高力公司), Empyrean锐影X射线衍射仪(XRD, 荷兰PANAlytical B. V.公司), ASAP 2020型比表面积测定仪(美国Micromeritics公司), JEM-7500型透射电子显微镜(TEM),高速离心机(Heraeus Multifuge X1R,美国赛默飞公司),液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱仪(AB SCIEX Triple Quad TM 5500,美国AB SCIEX公司)。 1,3,6,8-四(4-甲苯基)芘(TFPPy)、对苯二胺(p-PDA)、1,2-二氯苯、1-丁醇、乙酸购于国药集团化学试剂有限公司(中国上海);雌酮(E1)、己烯雌酚(DES)、雌三醇(E3)、β-雌二醇(E2)、炔雌醇(EE2)购于TCI (日本东京);甲醇、乙腈、丙酮均为HPLC级,购于默克有限公司(德国);空柱管、筛板购于Biocomma Limited (中国深圳);实验用水为超纯水。

1.2 样品制备及溶液配制

1.2.1 样品制备

蜂蜜样品购于当地零售市场,首先用20 mL超纯水稀释1 g蜂蜜于离心管内,然后涡旋2 min。使用0.45 μm微孔滤膜(水系,尼龙)过滤,备用。

1.2.2 溶液配制

单标准储备溶液:称取适量雌激素标准品,用甲醇溶解,配成1000 mg/L标准储备溶液;混合标准溶液:分别准确移取适量单标准储备溶液,以甲醇定容,配制成10 mg/L的标准混合溶液。4 ℃保存,使用时稀释成所需浓度。

1.3 材料及固相萃取装置的制备

1.3.1 材料制备

IL-COF-1样品是依据文献[方法合成的。准确称取TFPPy (80 mg, 0.128 mmol)与p-PDA (28 mg, 0.256 mmol)固体粉末置于Pyrex管中,然后加入1,2-二氯苯(2 mL)和1-丁醇(2.0 mL)。在室温条件下超声处理1 min,向溶液中添加0.4 mL的醋酸水溶液(6 mol/L)。随后,将试管放入液氮浴中,快速冷冻、抽真空解冻,反复3次。然后将混合溶液升温至120 ℃反应72 h,自然冷却至室温,通过离心分离固体反应产物,用甲醇洗涤,在60 ℃下真空干燥12 h,得到浅黄色固体粉末,即为IL-COF-1。IL-COF-1的元素分析结果:C, 87.39%; N, 7.84%; H, 4.76%。

1.3.2 固相萃取装置的制备

将30 mg IL-COF-1填入已放入垫片的SPE空柱管(体积3 mL)中,铺平,将另一片垫片轻压在材料上,组装SPE柱。将组装好的SPE柱放置在固相萃取装置上,装置的一端与真空泵连接,另一端与采样器连接,采样器的末端插入水样中,用于抽取实际稀释的蜂蜜样品。 使用前用2 mL甲醇、超纯水对SPE柱进行活化;然后上样,20 mL实际蜂蜜样品(调节溶液pH=7)以3 mL/min的速度通过SPE柱;上样后用5 mL超纯水淋洗吸附在SPE柱上的杂质;常压干燥5 min,用5 mL 1%(v/v)氨水-甲醇溶液洗脱。洗脱液氮吹至干,残渣用1 mL甲醇溶解,涡旋混匀30 s后,过0.22 μm微孔滤膜(有机系统,尼龙),用HPLC-MS/MS分析。

1.4 HPLC-MS/MS条件

色谱条件 Thermo Fisher Scientific C18色谱柱(150 mm×2.1 mm, 5 μm);流动相A为乙腈,B为5 mmol/L的乙酸铵;等度洗脱:0~5 min, 45%A和55%B。柱温40 ℃,自动进样器温度10 ℃。 质谱条件 电离方式:ESI-;扫描方式:多反应监测(MRM)模式;气帘气压力:275 kPa (40 psi);喷雾电压:5.5 kV;离子源温度:500 ℃;雾化气压力:345 kPa (50 psi);碰撞气、雾化气:N2。外标法定量,其他参数见表1。
表1

雌激素的多反应监测模式参数

CompoundFormulatR/min Precursor ion (m/z)Fragment ion (m/z)Clustering voltage/VCollision energy/V
E3C18H24O30.90286.9144.8-110-47
170.9-110-45
E2C18H24O21.68270.9145.0-100-57
182.8-100-45
EE2C20H24O22.02295.0144.8-110-50
269.0-110-50
E1C18H24O22.25266.8250.9-100-40
236.8-100-40
DESC18H20O22.60272.8185.0-100-57
147.0-100-50

E3: estriol; E2: β-estradiol; EE2: ethinylestradiol; E1: estradiol; DES: diethylstilbestrol.

雌激素的多反应监测模式参数 Multiple reaction-monitoring (MRM) mode parameters of estrogens E3: estriol; E2: β-estradiol; EE2: ethinylestradiol; E1: estradiol; DES: diethylstilbestrol.

2 结果和讨论

2.1 IL-COF-1的表征

如图1a所示,扫描电子显微镜图像显示IL-COF-1呈均匀的珊瑚状形态,具有约30~70 nm的聚集立方体形貌,与透射电子显微镜图像显示的IL-COF-1形态一致(见图1b)。XRD图谱显示了IL-COF-1的晶体结构,观察到5个衍射峰分别在(110)、(020)、(220)、(130)和(330)处,与文献[数据一致(见图1c)。IL-COF-1的BET比表面积为2023 m2/g(见图1d)。孔径约为3 nm (见图1e)。傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)如图1f所示,1621 cm-1处的峰显示特征C=N键。光谱中还观察到C=O (1623 cm-1)和N-H (1603 cm-1)振动,这验证了IL-COF-1表面存在醛和胺官能团化的单体,有利于雌激素和IL-COF-1之间发生分子间O-H…N=C氢键相互作用。
图1

IL-COF-1材料的表征

Characterization of imine-linked porous covalent organic framework material (IL-COF-1)

a. SEM image; b. TEM image; c. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns; d. nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms; e. pore size distribution curves; f. FT-IR spectrum.

2.2 固相萃取条件的优化

对IL-COF-1吸附剂的吸附能力进行验证。以E1、E2、E3、EE2和EDS 5种雌激素作为目标物,E3、E2和EE2的含量为10 ng/g, E1和DES的含量为1.0 ng/g,利用这些化合物的回收率评价IL-COF-1对雌激素的萃取效果。为了获取最优的固相萃取条件,优化了IL-COF-1的用量、样品溶液pH、样品流速、洗脱液体积、洗脱液流速、样品溶液中NaCl的含量及洗脱液类型。 考察了20~40 mg IL-COF-1用量对样品回收率的影响(见图2a)。结果表明,使用30 mg吸附剂的回收率最高。因此,实验中使用30 mg IL-COF-1作为固相萃取填料。IL-COF-1的用量与其高比表面积密切相关。
图2

(a) IL-COF-1的量、(b)样品pH、(c)样品流速、(d)洗脱液体积、(e)洗脱液流速和(f) NaCl浓度对雌激素萃取效率的影响(n=6)

样品pH值是影响雌激素回收率的重要因素之一,与样品溶液中目标物的存在状态有关。选取样品pH值范围为3~8,如图2b所示,在pH=7时,5种雌激素的回收率最高。可能是因为雌激素和IL-COF-1之间的相互作用主要有π-π相互作用和疏水相互作用。IL-COF-1与目标物之间的作用力与目标物的状态有关,不同的状态可能产生不同的作用力。在pH=7时,化合物以分子状态为主,IL-COF-1与目标物之间的作用力最强。因此,选择pH=7。 样品流速是影响目标物质滞留时间和预处理时间的主要因素,考察了样品流速在1~5 mL/min 范围内的萃取效果。在1~3 mL/min范围内,随着样品流速增大,回收率增大,一直保持在80%以上(见图2c)。3~5 mL/min范围内,回收率随样品流速增加而下降。因此,采用3 mL/min作为适宜的样品流速。 考察了洗脱液(1%(v/v)氨水-甲醇溶液)体积在2~8 mL范围内的萃取效果(见图2d)。在2~5 mL范围内,随着洗脱液体积的增加,雌激素回收率逐渐升高。而洗脱液超过5 mL后回收率几乎保持不变(见图2d)。所以,实验中洗脱液体积选择5 mL。 洗脱液流速显著影响雌激素和IL-COF-1之间的接触反应时间。考察了洗脱液(1%(v/v)氨水-甲醇溶液)流速在0.2~1.0 mL/min范围内的萃取效果。在0.2、0.4 mL/min时,回收率维持在85%以上(见图2e)。0.4~1.0 mL/min范围内,回收率随洗脱液流速增加而下降。因此,选择0.4 mL/min作为最佳洗脱液流速。 考察了NaCl对目标物质萃取效率的影响。将NaCl添加到20 mL的样品溶液中,配制含不同浓度NaCl样品溶液进行萃取实验。如图2f所示,当NaCl浓度在0~0.2 mmol/L范围时,回收率出现缓慢下降的趋势。0.2~0.5 mmol/L范围时回收率下降速度增加。所以,在萃取过程中不添加NaCl。 在SPE过程中,洗脱液种类是影响萃取效率的关键因素。考察了不同类型的洗脱液,包括甲醇、乙腈、乙酸乙酯、1%(v/v)氨水-甲醇溶液、1%(v/v)氨水-乙腈溶液和1%(v/v)氨水-乙酸乙酯溶液对萃取效果的影响(见图3)。当使用1%(v/v)氨水-甲醇溶液作为洗脱液时,5种目标物质的回收率最高。因此,选择1%(v/v)氨水-甲醇溶液作为本实验的洗脱液。
图3

洗脱液种类对雌激素萃取效率的影响(n=6)

Effect of eluent type on estrogen extraction efficiency (n=6)

1. methanol; 2. acetonitrile; 3. ethyl acetate; 4. 1% (v/v) NH3·H2O-methanol; 5. 1% (v/v) NH3·H2O-acetonitrile; 6. 1% (v/v) NH3·H2O-ethyl acetate. 综上,5种雌激素的最佳萃取条件为:IL-COF-1用量为30 mg, 1%(v/v)氨水-甲醇溶液作为洗脱液,洗脱液体积为5 mL,洗脱液流速为0.4 mL/min,样品流速为3 mL/min,样品pH=7,萃取过程中不添加NaCl。

2.3 IL-COF-1的稳定性和重复性

以E1、E2、E3、EE2和EDS 5种雌激素作为目标物,E3、E2和EE2的含量为10 ng/g, E1和DES的含量为1.0 ng/g。利用回收率评价IL-COF-1的重复性和稳定性,采用最佳萃取条件进行实验。 IL-COF-1的制备重复性 以6个批次制备的IL-COF-1作为固相萃取柱的填料,不同批次间目标物回收率的相对标准偏差(RSD)为5.2%~9.1%,表明IL-COF-1具有较好的制备重复性。 IL-COF-1的可重复使用性 对同一根固相萃取柱连续使用6次后,目标物回收率的RSD为2.5%~6.1%,表明IL-COF-1具有较好的可重复使用性。 IL-COF-1的稳定性 使用同一根IL-COF-1固相萃取柱在6天内(每天试验一次)获得的雌激素回收率为95.1%~107.4%, RSD值为6.2%~8.9%,表明其稳定性较好。

2.4 方法验证

分别吸取不同体积的单标储备溶液,加入到20 mL(含1 g蜂蜜)的水溶液中,得到含E3、E2和EE2 1、10、25、50、100、250和500 ng/g以及E1和DES 0.1、0.5、1、10、25、50、100 ng/g的混合标准溶液,检测,绘制标准曲线。在最优条件下,如表2所示,该方法对E3、E2和EE2的线性范围为1~500 ng/g,对E1和DES的线性范围分别为0.1~100 ng/g,相关系数(r)为0.9934~0.9972。检出限(LOD, S/N=3)为0.01~0.30 ng/g,定量限(LOQ, S/N=10)为0.05~0.95 ng/g。
表2

SPE-HPLC-MS/MS方法分析性能

CompoundLinear range/(ng/g)Correlation coefficient (r)LOD/(ng/g)LOQ/(ng/g)RSDs/% (n=5)
Intra-dayInter-day
E31-5000.99340.250.804.46.7
E21-5000.99550.250.806.67.9
EE21-5000.99670.300.955.25.7
E10.1-1000.99720.020.073.24.6
DES0.1-1000.99660.010.055.44.2
SPE-HPLC-MS/MS方法分析性能 Analytical parameters of SPE-HPLC-MS/MS method 对含量为50 ng/g的5种雌激素进行重复性实验,日内精密度RSD为3.2%~6.6%,日间精密度RSD为4.2%~7.9%。 这些结果表明,基于IL-COF-1的SPE方法具有较高的灵敏度、良好的线性关系和较好的重复性。IL-COF-1材料作为SPE的吸附剂,可以用于蜂蜜样品中5种雌激素的检测。

2.5 方法应用

使用所开发的SPE-HPLC-MS/MS方法测定蜂蜜样品中的雌激素,2种蜂蜜样品中均未检测到5种雌激素。为了验证本方法的准确性,进行了加标回收试验,结果见表3和图4。3个加标水平(5、25、50 ng/g)下的回收率为80.14%~115.24%。以上结果表明,IL-COF-1作为吸附剂能很好地用于蜂蜜中雌激素的萃取。
表3

蜂蜜样品中5种雌激素的加标回收率(n=5)

EstrogenAdded level/(ng/g)Recoveries/%
Linden honey 1Linden honey 2Acacia honey 1Acacia honey 2
E3585.22±2.5683.16±3.3695.22±2.5688.56±2.25
2588.96±4.2586.97±4.1488.52±3.6589.67±4.21
5093.26±2.1491.24±5.1485.25±2.2495.62±5.32
E25102.52±4.5785.66±4.2199.58±3.3389.64±2.28
2595.62±3.2294.25±3.5592.25±4.2499.63±1.65
50107.32±3.5497.45±4.1487.42±1.1587.58±4.15
EE2586.45±4.7897.36±5.2187.66±4.4192.35±2.27
2596.33±3.6887.55±4.7880.14±2.2296.35±3.45
5085.67±4.5899.25±4.5786.35±4.2590.24±2.27
E15101.51±4.7785.24±2.4186.66±3.32115.24±4.24
2583.24±3.9888.44±2.5788.57±2.2687.36±3.56
50103.64±4.4499.64±1.1197.25±1.1895.31±4.21
DES586.53±3.8987.21±2.2597.58±2.2688.65±4.21
2585.32±4.5788.57±3.58102.33±5.2286.31±4.15
5095.51±4.6796.80±4.22103.52±3.3199.65±3.67
图 4

(a)空白蜂蜜样品、加标(b)5 ng/g和(c)25 ng/g 雌激素的蜂蜜样品的色谱图

蜂蜜样品中5种雌激素的加标回收率(n=5) Spiked recoveries of the five estrogens in honey samples (n=5) 在固相萃取过程中,IL-COF-1和雌激素之间可能存在如下相互作用:(i) IL-COF-1和雌激素中的芳香单元有利于形成π-π相互作用[; (ii)考虑到N和O等电负性原子的存在,雌激素和IL-COF-1之间也可能发生分子间O-H…N=C氢键相互作用[; (iii) IL-COF-1的高比表面积通过上述相互作用可增强雌激素与IL-COF-1的接触;(iv)孔径效应会阻止样品中大分子的通过,促进萃取过程中目标分析物的吸附和解吸。

3 结论

以IL-COF-1作为吸附剂,基于SPE技术和HPLC-MS/MS,建立了一种高效、灵敏的分析蜂蜜样品中痕量雌激素的新方法。方法学验证结果表明本方法具有较低的检出限和较宽的线性范围,稳定性和重复性良好。将本方法应用于实际蜂蜜样品分析,取得了满意的结果。IL-COF-1在雌激素的固相萃取中表现出优越的性能,需要进一步探索IL-COF-1在痕量分析中的应用。
  14 in total

Review 1.  A review of separation methods for the determination of estrogens and plastics-derived estrogen mimics from aqueous systems.

Authors:  Alesha D LaFleur; Kevin A Schug
Journal:  Anal Chim Acta       Date:  2011-04-09       Impact factor: 6.558

2.  A review of 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) in surface water across 32 countries: Sources, concentrations, and potential estrogenic effects.

Authors:  Zhao Tang; Ze-Hua Liu; Hao Wang; Zhi Dang; Yu Liu
Journal:  J Environ Manage       Date:  2021-05-20       Impact factor: 6.789

3.  Simultaneous determination of estrogens and progestogens in honey using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Authors:  Li Ma; Daniel Ashworth; Scott R Yates
Journal:  J Pharm Biomed Anal       Date:  2016-09-03       Impact factor: 3.935

Review 4.  Advances in covalent organic frameworks in separation science.

Authors:  Hai-Long Qian; Cheng-Xiong Yang; Wen-Long Wang; Cheng Yang; Xiu-Ping Yan
Journal:  J Chromatogr A       Date:  2018-02-13       Impact factor: 4.759

Review 5.  Covalent organic frameworks for separation applications.

Authors:  Zhifang Wang; Sainan Zhang; Yao Chen; Zhenjie Zhang; Shengqian Ma
Journal:  Chem Soc Rev       Date:  2020-02-10       Impact factor: 54.564

6.  Reusable chemiluminescent fiber optic aptasensor for the determination of 17β-estradiol in water samples.

Authors:  Rong Yang; Jiayao Liu; Dan Song; Anna Zhu; Wenjuan Xu; Hongliang Wang; Feng Long
Journal:  Mikrochim Acta       Date:  2019-10-27       Impact factor: 5.833

7.  In-syringe dispersive μ-SPE of estrogens using magnetic carbon microparticles obtained from zeolitic imidazolate frameworks.

Authors:  Alba González; Jessica Avivar; Fernando Maya; Carlos Palomino Cabello; Gemma Turnes Palomino; Víctor Cerdà
Journal:  Anal Bioanal Chem       Date:  2016-11-04       Impact factor: 4.142

8.  Exploring 20 eV electron impact ionization in gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of estrogenic compounds.

Authors:  Alex Glineur; Marco Beccaria; Giorgia Purcaro
Journal:  J Chromatogr A       Date:  2021-06-26       Impact factor: 4.759

Review 9.  Curcumin: a phytochemical modulator of estrogens and androgens in tumors of the reproductive system.

Authors:  Mohammad Mohajeri; Vanessa Bianconi; Marco Fidel Ávila-Rodriguez; George E Barreto; Tannaz Jamialahmadi; Matteo Pirro; Amirhossein Sahebkar
Journal:  Pharmacol Res       Date:  2020-03-23       Impact factor: 7.658

Review 10.  Endocrine disrupting chemicals in the pathogenesis of hypospadias; developmental and toxicological perspectives.

Authors:  Deidre M Mattiske; Andrew J Pask
Journal:  Curr Res Toxicol       Date:  2021-04-01
View more

北京卡尤迪生物科技股份有限公司 © 2022-2023.