Literature DB >> 35846501

The Translation Process of Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe v9.00 to Bahasa Indonesia: An Instrument to Detect Drug-Related Problem.

Muhammad Aldila Satria1, Retnosari Andrajati1, Sudibyo Supardi2.   

Abstract

Background: Drug-related problems (DRPs) remain a major health challenge in tertiary health services such as hospitals in Indonesia. These problems are detected and solved using classification systems such as Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe (PCNE). Therefore, this study aims to obtain a valid and reliable Bahasa Indonesia version of the PCNE.
Methods: A draft of the Bahasa Indonesia version of the PCNE v9.00 was discussed by four experts from May to August 2020 using the Delphi method. Furthermore, the instrument was assessed for its readability, clarity and comprehensiveness by 46 hospital pharmacists throughout Indonesia. In October 2020, two pharmacists from Haji General Hospital, Makassar, Indonesia carried out the inter-rater agreement to assess 20 cases where the proportion of coding matches between both raters were observed.
Results: The instrument was found to be valid after passing the face and content validity, and the Scale Content Validity Index (S-CVI) value for each PCNE domain was 0.91, 0.89, 0.93, 0.97 and 0.93, respectively. Moreover, there was a fair agreement between the two raters that ranged between 40%-90%. Also, kappa statistics showed a substantial agreement on the 'Problems' and 'Causes' domains.
Conclusion: The Bahasa Indonesia version of the PCNE v9.00 instrument passed face and content validity as well as inter-agreement to be used in hospital settings. © Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2022.

Entities:  

Keywords:  Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe; drug-related problem; reliability; translation; validity

Year:  2022        PMID: 35846501      PMCID: PMC9249413          DOI: 10.21315/mjms2022.29.3.13

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Malays J Med Sci        ISSN: 1394-195X


Introduction

Drug-related problems (DRP) are events or circumstances involving drug therapy that occur or potentially interfere with the achievement of desired health outcomes (1). Some of the factors that contribute to the emergence of DRP in patients include inappropriate prescription, ineffective treatment, underdose, non-compliance, etc (2). In Indonesia, DRP occurred in several chronic diseases such as diabetes (3), kidney (4) and heart failure (5). Therefore, there is an urgent need for understanding the importance of the pharmacist’s role in identifying, solving and reducing the incidence of DRP in patients (5). Moreover, the documentation and classification of DRP can help pharmacists to identify and resolve DRP in a patient. Several classification systems, such as APS-Doc, Cipolle, DOCUMENT, Consensus of Granada, Strand Classification and the Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe (PCNE) system, are applied (6–7). A DRP classification system needs to have an open hierarchical structure with clear definitions for each category described in the instrument to reduce ambiguity or multiple interpretations when carrying out the coding process (8). Furthermore, the ease of use is also a specific requirement of the DRP classification system, which must be acceptable. Therefore, the DRP classification system needs to be validated before it is widely used (8–9). Besides having a good validity, an instrument also needs to have a good level of inter-rater reliability, which is a measure of the degree of agreement between two or more raters (10). This is required to determine the extent to which the raters consistently assign a precise value to each rated item (11). It is essential because the raters need to give the same value in the same conditions and cases. In this study, the PCNE instrument was selected as the starting point because it is structured, detailed and also identifies the patient’s DRP status based on their problems, causes and interventions. Furthermore, the instrument has several translations including Spanish, Turkish, Croatian, French (12), Slovenia (7) and German (13). This study, therefore, aims to obtain, validate and determine the inter-rater agreement (percentage agreement and kappa statistics) of Bahasa Indonesia version of the PCNE version 9.00.

Methods

PCNE Instrument Usage Permit

There was difficulty in downloading the PCNE instrument from their official website; therefore, permission to translate the instrument into Bahasa Indonesia was requested from the PCNE organisation in the Netherlands. The instrument was then downloaded via the PCNE website. Version 9.00 of the PCNE instrument served as the starting point for the translation and it consisted of five main domains (problem, causes, planned intervention, intervention acceptance, and status of DRP), 24 primary domains and 84 secondary domains (14).

Forward Translation

The study began with a forward translation of PCNE draft version 9.00 (English version) into Bahasa Indonesia by two independent sworn translators and the results were separately discussed. Furthermore, the translations were combined by paying attention to the excellent choice of words and pharmaceutical terms.

Backward Translation

The instrument was again re-translated from Bahasa Indonesia to English by other translators. Similarly, the results were separately discussed.

Face Validity

The combined draft was then given to four experts, including hospital pharmacists and academicians with master and doctoral qualifications. This assisted in the critical review of the translation results and suggestions for improvements to make the instrument easier to use. The process to reach consensus among experts was carried out using the Delphi method (15), which ensures that the expert panels do not know each other and report only to the researcher. A draft of the Bahasa Indonesia version of the PCNE was sent to the expert panels in parallel and they were given time to provide a critical review of the translation. All the critical reviews from each expert panel were then combined and the instrument was refined. The draft was then returned to each expert panel and the process was repeated until they reached a consensus.

Content Validity

This process involved a minimum of 20 clinical pharmacists who work in the hospital as respondents. They were asked to rate the criteria of readability, clarity and comprehensiveness of the instrument using a 5-point Likert scale. Furthermore, the Item Content Validity Index (I-CVI) and the Scale Content Validity Index (S-CVI) were calculated. The I-CVI compares the number of respondents that gave ratings of 3 and above with the total number of respondents. In contrast, the S-CVI is the average of the I-CVI values (16). The following formulae were used to calculate the I-CVI and S-CVI: where N = number of valued I-CVI’s The cutoff value for I-CVI and S-CVI are set based on Shrotryia and Dhanda, which is ≥ 0.78 for I-CVI and ≥ 0.8 for S-CVI (17).

Inter-Rater Agreement

The inter-rater agreement involved two pharmacists from the Haji Regional General Hospital, Makassar, who conducted a DRP assessment on 20 selected patient cases using validated instruments. These cases were taken from patient medical records using consecutive sampling methods, which met the following eligibility criteria: Has undergone inpatient care at the hospital (recovered or died) Patients aged ≥ 18 years old Medical records are well documented Before the test, the two raters were trained separately using five practice cases to familiarise them with the instrument. They were asked to provide a code in the ‘Problem’ and ‘Cause’ domains following the given patient’s DRP case using the Bahasa Indonesia version of PCNE. The coding consistency and chance agreement between the two raters were determined by calculating percentage agreement and kappa statistics. The percentage agreement is the ratio of the number of cases in which both raters gave the same code to the total number of cases. The formula below is used to calculate percentage agreement (18): The kappa statistics were carried out using IBM SPSS® version 24 software and its interpretation is showed in Table 1 (18).
Table 1

Interpretation of kappa values

Kappa valuesInterpretation
< 0.00Poor
0.00–0.20Slight
0.21–0.40Fair
0.41–0.60Moderate
0.61–0.80Substantial
0.81–1.00Almost perfect

Note: Source: (10)

Results

The PCNE classification version 9.00 was translated into Bahasa Indonesia by two sworn translators that did not meet. Furthermore, a reconciliation process was conducted with each translator regarding the translation results, which were then combined. The draft of the translated instrument as shown in Appendix 1 were submitted to the experts for a critical review. After two sessions of discussion with the expert panels, the following changes were incorporated: Addition of the conjunctions in the Penerimaan Intervensi and Status MTO domain. For example, the sentence Intervensi tidak diterima: tidak layak in domain A2.1 was changed to Intervensi tidak diterima karena tidak dapat dilakukan. Changes were made in the word structure of the subdomain to make the sentences easier to understand for the users. For example, the meaning of sentences, such as Bentuk obat yang tidak sesuai (untuk pasien ini) in domain C2.1 was changed to Bentuk sediaan obat yang tidak sesuai dengan pasien. Sentences were simplified to enable a more concise reading. For example, the sentence Pada kasus tertentu ada efek samping obat merugikan yang (mungkin) terjadi in domain P2.1 was changed to Kejadian obat yang merugikan (mungkin) terjadi. A total of 46 hospital pharmacists (Table 2) were recruited from 17 provinces throughout Indonesia (Figure 1) in content validity. The majority of respondents filled 3 and 4 on a 5-point Likert scale, followed by 5, and a few filled 1 and 2. Moreover, the respondents assessed the instrument using four aspects including readability, clarity, ambiguity and comprehensiveness of the instrument. Also, the I-CVI and S-CVI values of each domain’s instrument ranged between 0.85–0.98 and 0.89–0.97, respectively (Table 3). The final version of PCNE after conducting the face and content validity is the Indonesia version shown in Appendix 2.
Table 2

Demographics of respondents who participates in content validity

Variablesn (%)Total (%)
Gender46 (100)
 Men17 (37.0)
 Women29 (63.0)
Education
 Profession38 (82.6)46 (100)
 Master8 (17.4)
Work experience
 0–5 years26 (56.5)
 5–10 years9 (19.5)46 (100)
 > 10 years11 (24.0)
Figure 1

Distribution of the content validity respondents throughout Indonesia

Table 3

I-CVI and S-CVI value on validity content

AspectI-CVIa on the domain (n = 46)

ProblemsCausesPlanned interventionIntervention acceptanceStatus of DRP
Words/sentences in this domain are readable0.960.930.960.960.96
Words/sentences in this domain are straightforward and easy to understand0.870.870.910.980.93
I do not see any ambiguous words/sentences in this domain0.870.850.910.960.91
The description of each domain is well defined0.910.890.930.980.91
S-CVIb0.900.890.930.970.93

Notes:

I-CVI = Item Content Validity Index;

S-CVI = Scale Content Validity Index

In addition, the inter-rater agreement involved two pharmacists that worked at Haji General Regional Hospital, Makassar, as raters. The first had 15 years of working experience in the hospital, while the second had 8 years. However, they are not familiar with PCNE instruments, therefore, they were trained using five practice cases. After assessing the DRP cases of 20 patients, the percentage agreement was 90% higher in the ‘problems’ domain for both the primary and secondary domains, respectively. While in the ‘causes’ domain, it was much lower by 60% and 40% on the primary and secondary domains, respectively. Furthermore, kappa statistics were performed to calculate the chance agreement of two raters when identifying the DRP on a case using PCNE. The result showed a significant agreement between the two raters on ‘problems’ domain (κ = 0.615 [95% CI: 0.149, 1.081]; P = 0.003) and ‘Causes’ domain (κ = 0.612 [95% CI: 0.298, 0.910]; P = 0.003).

Discussion

This study is the first to translate, validate and determine the inter-rater agreement of the translated PCNE into Bahasa Indonesia. After the forward (English-Bahasa Indonesia) and backward (Bahasa Indonesia-English) translations, some differences were noticed. These include the changes in word structure, especially in the ‘intervention acceptance’ domain, which is different from the original version because that of Bahasa Indonesia uses conjunctions to make the domain easier for users to understand. According to the suggestions from experts and respondents during the validation process, the changes in the number of word structure compared to the original version before the translation were influenced by the changes in the word structure in Bahasa Indonesia. However, the translation does not differ significantly in the interpretation of the main point of the sentence. Furthermore, the I-CVI and S-CVI values have a high content validity level because they passed Shrotryia and Dhanda’s content validity levels of ≥ 0.78 and 0.8, respectively. However, this value is different from the value reported by Koubaity et al. (12) on the validation of PCNE French. Also, the values of I-CVI and S-CVI were in the range of 0.9–1.0 versus 0.85–0.97 in previous studies. There is also a high consistency in the ‘problems’ domain of the instrument on an inter-rater agreement study. However, the ‘causes’ domain has low consistency, which differs from the results of Koubaity et al. in 2019 and Schindler et al. in 2020 (12–13). Furthermore, these two studies yielded a percentage agreement between 59%–100% and 57.4%–77.3%, respectively. Several factors resulted in the low consistency between the two raters of the ‘causes’ domain. First, this study used a small sample of pharmacists compared to Schindler et al. (13) which considered a total of 32 pharmacists. Second, the variety of codes and the ability to code the case summaries led to different perspectives between the two raters, causing the domain to have low consistency (12). Finally, the raters admitted that it was quite challenging to choose the correct code for a patient’s case, especially in the ‘causes’ domain. Moreover, the two previous studies reported that the raters had difficulty determining the correct code for a given case (13). The kappa statistics showed a high degree of agreement on both ‘problem’ and ‘causes’ domains. The value was higher compared to others such as DOCUMENT (0.53 versus 0.615) (19) and GSASA V2 (0.52 versus 0.615) (20), lower than APS-Doc (0.68 versus 0.615) (21) and similar with the classification developed by the Pharmaceutical Society of Singapore (ILTC DRP Classification System) (0.614 versus 0.615) (8). Furthermore, it is believed that the low value of kappa in this study is because the raters are not too familiar with the instrument. Therefore, using the instrument frequently may increase the value of kappa. This is influenced by the raters’ level of knowledge and experience. This study has certain limitations. First, the instrument does not assess the inter-rater agreement on the ‘planned intervention,’ ‘intervention acceptance,’ and ‘status of DRP’ domains because only secondary data were used. Second, the inter-rater agreement is still limited to only two assessors due to the unfamiliarity of this instrument in daily pharmacy practices in Indonesian hospitals. Furthermore, construct validity, such as convergence to see the instrument’s reliability under different conditions (22), was not performed. Therefore, further studies are suggested to focus mainly on reliability testing by involving more pharmacists and performing the construct validity.

Conclusion

The PCNE v9.00, Bahasa Indonesia version has passed content validity and inter-agreement for use in pharmacy practice in both hospitals and academic settings. Further study is suggested to focus mainly on inter-rater reliability tests using more pharmacists to measure the validity of the instruments in various conditions in hospital settings.
KodeDomain PrimerDomain Sekunder
MasalahP1Efektivitas pengobatanTerdapat (potensial) masalah dengan (kurangnya) efek farmakoterapiP1.1 Tidak ada efek dari pengobatanP1.2 Pengaruh terapi obat tidak optimalP1.3 Gejala atau indikasi yang tidak diobati
P2Keamanan pengobatanPasien menderita, atau bisa menderita, akibat suatu kejadian obat yang merugikanP2.1 Pada kasus tertentu ada efek samping obat merugikan yang (mungkin) terjadi
P3LainnyaP3.1 Masalah dengan efektivitas biaya pengobatanP3.2 Pengobatan yang tidak perluP3.3 Masalah / keluhan yang tidak jelas. Diperlukan klarifikasi lebih lanjut (harap gunakan hanya sebagai alternatif)
PenyebabC1Pemilihan obatPenyebab DRP terkait dengan pemilihan obatC1.1 Obat yang tidak sesuai dengan pedoman / formulariumC1.2 Obat yang tidak sesuai (sesuai pedoman tetapi dinyatakan bertentangan)C1.3 Tidak ada indikasi untuk obatC1.4 Kombinasi obat-obatan yang tidak tepat, atau obat-obatan dan herbal, atau obat-obatan dan suplemen makananC1.5 Duplikasi yang tidak tepat dari kelompok terapeutik atau bahan aktifC1.6 Pengobatan yang tidak ada atau tidak lengkap terlepas dari indikasi yang adaC1.7 Terlalu banyak obat yang diresepkan untuk indikasi
C2Bentuk obatPenyebab DRP dapat terkait dengan pemilihan bentuk obatC2.1 Bentuk obat yang tidak sesuai (untuk pasien ini)
C3Pemilihan dosisPenyebab DRP dapat terkait dengan pemilihan jadwal dosisC3.1 Dosis obat terlalu rendahC3.2 Dosis obat terlalu tinggiC3.3 Regimen dosis tidak cukup seringC3.4 Regimen dosis terlalu seringC3.5 Instruksi waktu dosis salah, tidak jelas atau hilang
C4Durasi pengobatanPenyebab DRP dapat terkait dengan durasi pengobatanC4.1 Durasi pengobatan terlalu singkatC4.2 Durasi pengobatan terlalu lama
C5Penyiapan obatPenyebab DRP dapat terkait dengan logistik proses peresepan dan penyiapan obatC5.1 Obat yang diresepkan tidak tersediaC5.2 Informasi yang diperlukan tidak tersediaC5.3 Obat yang salah, kekuatan sediaan atau dosis yang disarankan (OTC)C5.4 Obat atau kekuatan sediaan yang salah disiapkan
C6Proses penggunaan obatPenyebab DRP dapat terkait dengan cara pasien mendapatkan obat yang diberikan oleh tenaga kesehatan atau pengasuh, terlepas dari instruksi yang tepat (pada label)C6.1 Waktu pemberian atau interval pemberian dosis yang tidak tepatC6.2 Obat yang diberikan kurangC6.3 Obat berlebihanC6.4 Obat tidak diberikan sama sekaliC6.5 Obat yang diberikan salahC6.6 Obat diberikan melalui rute yang salah
C7Terkait pasienPenyebab DRP dapat terkait dengan pasien dan perilakunya (sengaja atau tidak disengaja)C7.1 Pasien menggunakan / mengambil obat yang lebih sedikit dari yang diresepkan atau tidak menggunakan obat sama sekaliC7.2 Pasien menggunakan / mengambil lebih banyak obat daripada yang diresepkanC7.3 Pasien menyalahgunakan obat (penggunaan berlebihan yang tidak diatur)C7.4 Pasien menggunakan obat yang tidak perluC7.5 Pasien memakan makanan yang berinteraksiC7.6 Pasien menyimpan obat secara tidak tepatC7.7 Waktu atau interval pemberian dosis yang tidak tepatC7.8 Pasien memberikan / menggunakan obat dengan cara yang salahC7.9 Pasien tidak dapat menggunakan obat / bentuk sesuai petunjukC7.10 Pasien tidak dapat memahami instruksi dengan benar
C8Terkait transfer pasienPenyebab DRP dapat terkait dengan transfer pasien antara perawatan primer, sekunder, dan tersier, atau transfer dalam satu institusi perawatan.C8.1 Tidak ada rekonsiliasi obat saat transfer pasienC8.2 Tidak ada daftar obat terbaru yang tersedia.C8.3 Informasi pengeluaran / transfer tentang obat-obatan tidak lengkap atau hilangC8.4 Informasi klinis yang tidak memadai tentang pasien.C8.5 Pasien belum menerima obat yang diperlukan saat pemulangan
C9LainnyaC9.1 Tidak terdapat hasil pemantauan yang sesuai (termasuk TDM)C9.2 Penyebab lain; sebutkanC9.3 Tidak ada penyebab yang jelas
Intervensi TerencanaI0 Tidak ada intervensi I0.1 Tanpa Intervensi
I1Pada tingkat penulis resepI1.1 Penulis resep hanya menginformasikanI1.2 Penulis resep meminta informasiI1.3 Intervensi diusulkan kepada penulis resepI1.4 Intervensi dibahas dengan penulis resep
I2Pada tingkat pasienI2.1 Konseling (obat) pasienI2.2 Informasi yang tersedia (hanya) tertulisI2.3 Pasien telah dirujuk ke dokter tersebutI2.4 Disampaikan kepada anggota keluarga / pengasuh
I3 Pada tingkat obat I3.1 Obat diubah menjadi …I3.2 Dosis diubah menjadi …I3.3 Formulasi diubah menjadi …I3.4 Petunjuk penggunaan diubah menjadi…I3.5 Obat ditunda atau dihentikanI3.6 Obat dimulai
I4 Lainnya I4.1 Intervensi lainnya (sebutkan)I4.2 Efek samping dilaporkan ke pihak berwenang
Penerimaan IntervensiA1 Intervensi diterima A1.1 Intervensi diterima dan diimplementasikan sepenuhnyaA1.2 Intervensi diterima, dilaksanakan sebagianA1.3 Intervensi diterima tetapi tidak diterapkanA1.4 Intervensi diterima, implementasi tidak diketahui
A2 Intervensi tidak diterima A2.1 Intervensi tidak diterima: tidak layakA2.2 Intervensi tidak diterima: tidak ada kesepakatanA2.3 Intervensi tidak diterima: alasan lain (sebutkan)A2.4 Intervensi tidak diterima: alasan tidak diketahui
A3LainnyaA3.1 Intervensi diusulkan, penerimaan tidak diketahuiA3.2 Intervensi tidak diusulkan
Status DRPO0 Tidak diketahui O0.1 Status masalah tidak diketahui
O1 Terselesaikan O1.1 Masalah terselesaikan sepenuhnya
O2 Sebagian diselesaikan O2.1 Masalah diselesaikan sebagian
O3Tidak terselesaikanO3.1 Masalah tidak terselesaikan, kurangnya kerjasama dengan pasienO3.2 Masalah tidak terselesaikan, kurangnya kerja sama dengan penulis resepO3.3 Masalah tidak terselesaikan, intervensi tidak efektifO3.4 Tidak perlu atau kemungkinan untuk menyelesaikan masalah
KodeDomain PrimerDomain Sekunder
MasalahP1Efektivitas pengobatanTerdapat masalah yang berpotensi mengurangi efek farmakoterapiP1.1 Tidak ada efek dari terapi obatP1.2 Efek terapi obat tidak optimalP1.3 Gejala atau indikasi yang tidak diobati
P2Keamanan pengobatanPasien mengalami, atau dapat mengalami efek obat yang merugikanP2.1 Kejadian obat yang merugikan (mungkin) terjadi
P3LainnyaP3.1 Masalah pengobatan yang berkaitan dengan efektivitas biayaP3.2 Pengobatan yang tidak diperlukanP3.3 Masalah terkait obat yang tidak jelas, sehingga memerlukan klarifikasi lebih lanjut (harap gunakan hanya sebagai alternatif)
PenyebabC1Pemilihan obatMasalah Terkait Obat (MTO) terjadi karena pemilihan obatC1.1 Obat tidak sesuai dengan pedoman / formulariumC1.2 Obat sesuai pedoman, namun terdapat kontraindikasiC1.3 Tidak ada indikasi untuk obatC1.4 Kombinasi tidak tepat misalnya obat-obat, obat-herbal, atau obat-suplemenC1.5 Duplikasi dari kelompok terapeutik atau bahan aktif yang tidak tepatC1.6 Pengobatan tidak diberikan atau tidak lengkap walaupun terdapat indikasiC1.7 Terlalu banyak obat yang diresepkan untuk satu indikasi
C2Bentuk obatMasalah Terkait Obat (MTO) terjadi karena pemilihan bentuk sediaan obatC2.1 Bentuk sediaan obat yang tidak sesuai dengan pasien
C3Pemilihan dosisMasalah Terkait Obat (MTO) terjadi karena pemilihan dosis obatC3.1 Dosis obat terlalu rendahC3.2 Dosis obat terlalu tinggiC3.3 Regimen dosis kurangC3.4 Regimen dosis terlalu seringC3.5 Instruksi waktu pemberian dosis salah, tidak jelas atau tidak ada
C4Durasi pengobatanMasalah Terkait Obat (MTO) terjadi karena durasi pengobatanC4.1 Durasi pengobatan terlalu singkatC4.2 Durasi pengobatan terlalu lama
C5Penyiapan obatMasalah Terkait Obat (MTO) terjadi karena proses ketersediaan obat yang diresepkan dan proses penyiapannyaC5.1 Obat yang diresepkan tidak tersediaC5.2 Informasi yang diperlukan tidak tersediaC5.3 Salah obat, kekuatan sediaan atau regimen dosis yang disarankan (khusus OTC/obat bebas)C5.4 Salah penyiapan obat atau kekuatan dosis
C6Proses penggunaan obatMasalah Terkait Obat (MTO) terjadi karena penggunaan obat pasien terlepas dari instruksi yang tepat (pada label) oleh tenaga medis atau perawatC6.1 Waktu pemberian obat atau interval dosis tidak tepatC6.2 Obat yang diberikan kurangC6.3 Obat yang diberikan berlebihC6.4 Obat tidak diberikan sama sekaliC6.5 Obat yang diberikan salahC6.6 Obat diberikan melalui rute yang salah
C7Terkait pasienMasalah Terkait Obat (MTO) terjadi karena pasien dan perilakunya (sengaja atau tidak sengaja)C7.1 Pasien menggunakan obat lebih sedikit dari yang diresepkan atau tidak menggunakan obat sama sekaliC7.2 Pasien menggunakan obat lebih banyak dari yang diresepkanC7.3 Pasien menyalahgunakan obat (tidak sesuai anjuran)C7.4 Pasien menggunakan obat yang tidak perluC7.5 Pasien mengonsumsi makanan yang menyebabkan interaksi obatC7.6 Pasien menyimpan obat secara tidak tepatC7.7 Waktu atau interval pemberian dosis yang tidak tepatC7.8 Pasien menggunakan obat dengan cara yang salahC7.9 Pasien tidak dapat menggunakan obat / bentuk sediaan sesuai petunjukC7.10 Pasien tidak dapat memahami instruksi dengan benar
C8Terkait transfer pasienMasalah Terkait Obat (MTO) terkait dengan perpindahan pasien antara perawatan primer, sekunder, dan tersier, atau dalam satu ruang perawatanC8.1 Tidak ada rekonsiliasi obat saat pasien dipindahkanC8.2 Tidak ada daftar obat terbaru yang tersedia.C8.3 Informasi tentang obat-obatan pada saat pemulangan/ transfer tidak lengkap atau hilangC8.4 Informasi klinis tentang pasien tidak memadaiC8.5 Pasien belum menerima obat yang diperlukan saat pemulangan
C9LainnyaC9.1 Tidak terdapat hasil pemantauan terapi obat yang sesuai (termasuk TDM/Therapeutic Drug Monitoring)C9.2 Penyebab lain; sebutkan.......C9.3 Tidak ada penyebab yang jelas
Rencana IntervensiI0 Tidak ada intervensi I0.1 Tanpa Intervensi
I1Pada tingkat dokter penulis resepI1.1 Dokter penulis resep hanya diinformasikanI1.2 Dokter penulis resep meminta informasiI1.3 Intervensi diusulkan kepada dokter penulis resepI1.4 Intervensi dibahas dengan dokter penulis resep
I2Pada tingkat pasienI2.1 Konseling kepada pasien terkait obatI2.2 Tersedia informasi tertulisI2.3 Pasien disarankan kembali ke dokterI2.4 Menyampaikan kepada anggota keluarga / pengasuh
I3 Pada tingkat obat I3.1 Obat diubah menjadi …I3.2 Dosis diubah menjadi …I3.3 Formulasi diubah menjadi …I3.4 Petunjuk penggunaan diubah menjadi…I3.5 Obat ditunda atau dihentikanI3.6 Obat dimulai
I4 Lainnya I4.1 Intervensi lainnya (sebutkan)I4.2 Efek samping dilaporkan ke pihak berwenang
Penerimaan IntervensiA1 Intervensi diterima A1.1 Intervensi diterima dan diimplementasikan sepenuhnyaA1.2 Intervensi diterima namun hanya diimplementasikan sebagianA1.3 Intervensi diterima namun tidak diimplementasikanA1.4 Intervensi diterima namun implementasi tidak diketahui
A2Intervensi tidak diterimaA2.1 Intervensi tidak diterima karena tidak dapat dilakukanA2.2 Intervensi tidak diterima karena tidak disetujuiA2.3 Intervensi tidak diterima karena alasan lain (sebutkan)A2.4 Intervensi tidak diterima karena alasan tidak diketahui
A3 Lainnya A3.1 Intervensi diusulkan namun penerimaan tidak diketahuiA3.2 Intervensi tidak diusulkan
Status MTOO0 Tidak diketahui O0.1 Status masalah tidak diketahui
O1 Terselesaikan O1.1 Masalah terselesaikan sepenuhnya
O2 Sebagian diselesaikan O2.1 Masalah diselesaikan sebagian
O3Tidak terselesaikanO3.1 Masalah tidak terselesaikan karena kurangnya kerjasama dengan pasienO3.2 Masalah tidak terselesaikan karena kurangnya kerja sama dengan penulis resepO3.3 Masalah tidak terselesaikan karena intervensi tidak efektifO3.4 Tidak perlu atau tidak memungkinkan untuk menyelesaikan masalah
  16 in total

Review 1.  Drug-related problem classification systems.

Authors:  J W Foppe van Mil; L O Tommy Westerlund; Kurt E Hersberger; Marion A Schaefer
Journal:  Ann Pharmacother       Date:  2004-03-30       Impact factor: 3.154

2.  DOCUMENT: a system for classifying drug-related problems in community pharmacy.

Authors:  Mackenzie Williams; Gregory M Peterson; Peter C Tenni; Ivan K Bindoff; Andrew C Stafford
Journal:  Int J Clin Pharm       Date:  2011-11-19

3.  Demonstrating the clinical pharmacist's activity: validation of an intervention oriented classification system.

Authors:  Karen A Maes; Regina M Tremp; Kurt E Hersberger; Markus L Lampert
Journal:  Int J Clin Pharm       Date:  2015-08-20

Review 4.  Application of drug-related problem (DRP) classification systems: a review of the literature.

Authors:  Benjamin J Basger; Rebekah J Moles; Timothy F Chen
Journal:  Eur J Clin Pharmacol       Date:  2014-05-02       Impact factor: 2.953

5.  Development of a classification system for drug-related problems in the hospital setting (APS-Doc) and assessment of the inter-rater reliability.

Authors:  C Hohmann; C Eickhoff; J M Klotz; M Schulz; R Radziwill
Journal:  J Clin Pharm Ther       Date:  2011-07-26       Impact factor: 2.512

6.  Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe (PCNE) drug-related problem classification version 9.00: German translation and validation.

Authors:  Elisabeth Schindler; Ina Richling; Olaf Rose
Journal:  Int J Clin Pharm       Date:  2020-10-06

7.  Development and validation of the Slovenian drug-related problem classification system based on the PCNE classification V 6.2.

Authors:  Nejc Horvat; Mitja Kos
Journal:  Int J Clin Pharm       Date:  2016-06-02

8.  Italian version of Dyspnoea-12: cultural-linguistic validation, quantitative and qualitative content validity study.

Authors:  Rosario Caruso; Cristina Arrigoni; Katia Groppelli; Arianna Magon; Federica Dellafiore; Francesco Pittella; Anna Maria Grugnetti; Massimo Chessa; Janelle Yorke
Journal:  Acta Biomed       Date:  2018-01-16

9.  Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic.

Authors:  Mary L McHugh
Journal:  Biochem Med (Zagreb)       Date:  2012       Impact factor: 2.313

10.  Validation of a Drug-Related Problem Classification System for the Intermediate and Long-Term Care Setting in Singapore.

Authors:  Xin Yan Lim; Quan Qi Yeo; Grace Li Lin Kng; Wing Lam Chung; Kai Zhen Yap
Journal:  Pharmacy (Basel)       Date:  2018-10-03
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