Rachel-Maria Brown1,2, Samia Tamazi3, Catherine R Weinberg4,5, Aeshita Dwivedi4,5, Jennifer H Mieres5. 1. Division of Cardiology, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, New York, NY, USA. rbrown28@northwell.edu. 2. Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health, Hempstead, NY, USA. rbrown28@northwell.edu. 3. Office of Clinical Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA. 4. Division of Cardiology, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, New York, NY, USA. 5. Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health, Hempstead, NY, USA.
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Research on sex and gender aspects cardiovascular disease has contributed to a reduction in cardiovascular mortality in women. However, cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death of women in the United States. Disparities in cardiovascular risk and outcomes among women overall persist and are amplified for women of certain ethnic and racial subgroups. We review the evidence of racial and ethnic differences in cardiovascular risk and care among women and describe a path forward to achieve equitable cardiovascular care for women of racial and ethnic minority groups. RECENT FINDINGS: There is a disproportionate effect on cardiovascular outcomes in women and certain racial and ethnic groups in part due to disparities in triage, diagnosis, treatment, which lead to amplification of inequalities in women of minority racial and ethnic background. Data suggest gender and racial bias, underappreciation of nontraditional risk factors, underrepresentation of women in clinical trials and undertreatment of disease contributes to persistent differences in cardiovascular disease outcomes in women of color. Understanding the myriad of factors that contribute to increased cardiovascular risk, and disparities in treatment and outcomes among women from racial/ethnic minority backgrounds is imperative to improving cardiovascular care for this patient population.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Research on sex and gender aspects cardiovascular disease has contributed to a reduction in cardiovascular mortality in women. However, cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death of women in the United States. Disparities in cardiovascular risk and outcomes among women overall persist and are amplified for women of certain ethnic and racial subgroups. We review the evidence of racial and ethnic differences in cardiovascular risk and care among women and describe a path forward to achieve equitable cardiovascular care for women of racial and ethnic minority groups. RECENT FINDINGS: There is a disproportionate effect on cardiovascular outcomes in women and certain racial and ethnic groups in part due to disparities in triage, diagnosis, treatment, which lead to amplification of inequalities in women of minority racial and ethnic background. Data suggest gender and racial bias, underappreciation of nontraditional risk factors, underrepresentation of women in clinical trials and undertreatment of disease contributes to persistent differences in cardiovascular disease outcomes in women of color. Understanding the myriad of factors that contribute to increased cardiovascular risk, and disparities in treatment and outcomes among women from racial/ethnic minority backgrounds is imperative to improving cardiovascular care for this patient population.
Authors: Emelia J Benjamin; Paul Muntner; Alvaro Alonso; Marcio S Bittencourt; Clifton W Callaway; April P Carson; Alanna M Chamberlain; Alexander R Chang; Susan Cheng; Sandeep R Das; Francesca N Delling; Luc Djousse; Mitchell S V Elkind; Jane F Ferguson; Myriam Fornage; Lori Chaffin Jordan; Sadiya S Khan; Brett M Kissela; Kristen L Knutson; Tak W Kwan; Daniel T Lackland; Tené T Lewis; Judith H Lichtman; Chris T Longenecker; Matthew Shane Loop; Pamela L Lutsey; Seth S Martin; Kunihiro Matsushita; Andrew E Moran; Michael E Mussolino; Martin O'Flaherty; Ambarish Pandey; Amanda M Perak; Wayne D Rosamond; Gregory A Roth; Uchechukwu K A Sampson; Gary M Satou; Emily B Schroeder; Svati H Shah; Nicole L Spartano; Andrew Stokes; David L Tirschwell; Connie W Tsao; Mintu P Turakhia; Lisa B VanWagner; John T Wilkins; Sally S Wong; Salim S Virani Journal: Circulation Date: 2019-03-05 Impact factor: 29.690
Authors: Charles B Eaton; Abdulrahman M Abdulbaki; Karen L Margolis; Joann E Manson; Marian Limacher; Liviu Klein; Matthew A Allison; Jennifer G Robinson; J David Curb; Lisa A Martin; Simin Liu; Barbara V Howard Journal: Circulation Date: 2012-07-02 Impact factor: 29.690
Authors: Donald Lloyd-Jones; Robert Adams; Mercedes Carnethon; Giovanni De Simone; T Bruce Ferguson; Katherine Flegal; Earl Ford; Karen Furie; Alan Go; Kurt Greenlund; Nancy Haase; Susan Hailpern; Michael Ho; Virginia Howard; Brett Kissela; Steven Kittner; Daniel Lackland; Lynda Lisabeth; Ariane Marelli; Mary McDermott; James Meigs; Dariush Mozaffarian; Graham Nichol; Christopher O'Donnell; Veronique Roger; Wayne Rosamond; Ralph Sacco; Paul Sorlie; Randall Stafford; Julia Steinberger; Thomas Thom; Sylvia Wasserthiel-Smoller; Nathan Wong; Judith Wylie-Rosett; Yuling Hong Journal: Circulation Date: 2008-12-15 Impact factor: 29.690
Authors: B V Howard; E T Lee; L D Cowan; R B Devereux; J M Galloway; O T Go; W J Howard; E R Rhoades; D C Robbins; M L Sievers; T K Welty Journal: Circulation Date: 1999-05-11 Impact factor: 29.690
Authors: Salim S Virani; Alvaro Alonso; Hugo J Aparicio; Emelia J Benjamin; Marcio S Bittencourt; Clifton W Callaway; April P Carson; Alanna M Chamberlain; Susan Cheng; Francesca N Delling; Mitchell S V Elkind; Kelly R Evenson; Jane F Ferguson; Deepak K Gupta; Sadiya S Khan; Brett M Kissela; Kristen L Knutson; Chong D Lee; Tené T Lewis; Junxiu Liu; Matthew Shane Loop; Pamela L Lutsey; Jun Ma; Jason Mackey; Seth S Martin; David B Matchar; Michael E Mussolino; Sankar D Navaneethan; Amanda Marma Perak; Gregory A Roth; Zainab Samad; Gary M Satou; Emily B Schroeder; Svati H Shah; Christina M Shay; Andrew Stokes; Lisa B VanWagner; Nae-Yuh Wang; Connie W Tsao Journal: Circulation Date: 2021-01-27 Impact factor: 29.690