Upregulation of Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein Predicts Poor Prognosis in Urothelial Carcinoma.

Purpose: Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) is known as a large pentameric glycoprotein, which interacts with various extracellular matrix proteins in tissues. COMP has been reported to play a role in multiple connective tissue disorders. Recently, elevated COMP levels have been found to be associated with increased tumor size, metastases, faster recurrence of cancer, and overall poorer survival in several cancers. However, the clinical importance of COMP in urothelial carcinoma remains unclear. We investigated the association between COMP expression and clinical outcomes in urothelial carcinoma. Patients and
Methods: In this retrospective study, we collected urothelial carcinoma (UC) tissue from 340 upper urinary tract UC (UTUC) patients and 295 urinary bladder UC (UBUC) patients. Pearson's chi-square test, Kaplan-Meier analysis, and the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model was used to examine the relationship between COMP expression and patient characteristics, pathological findings, and patient survival, such as metastasis-free survival (MFS) and disease-specific survival (DSS).
Results: A total of 295 UBUC patients and 340 UTUC patients were recruited. The COMP mRNA level was significantly higher among invasive tumors (pT2-pT4) than in noninvasive tumors (pTa-T1) in UBUC groups (P < 0.01). COMP overexpression was associated with advanced T stage, nodal metastases, vascular invasion, perineural invasion, high histological grade, and high mitotic rate in both UBUC and UTUC cohorts. COMP overexpression was predictive of shorter DSS (hazard ratio [HR] in UBUC, 3.986, P < 0.001; in UTUC, 2.283, P = 0.027] and MFS (HR in UBUC, 6.813, P < 0.001; in UTUC, 4.070, P < 0.001). Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated high COMP expression associated with poor DSS and MFS in UTUC and UBUC groups (all P < 0.0001).
Conclusion: COMP overexpression was linked to poor clinical prognosis and poor pathological features in UC. These results suggest COMP as a biomarker for UC.

Introduction

Urothelial carcinoma (UC) includes UC of upper urinary tract (UTUC) and UC of the urinary bladder (UBUC). Bladder cancer is the tenth most common cancer in the world, and accounts for approximately 573,000 new cases and 213,000 deaths.1 In Taiwan, bladder cancer is the 9th most common cancer in males, and 16th most common in females.2 In western countries, UBUC accounts for 90–95% of UCs. However, UTUC has a higher incidence, 30% in Taiwan, than in other parts of world.3 Non muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) represents approximately 70% of organ-confined bladder cancer.4 The prognosis of NMIBC is favorable with a 5-year recurrence-free survival rate of 43%. However, up to 21% of NMIBC patients with high-risk disease will progress to muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC).5,6 High-risk patients can be defined by several clinical features, such as T stage, lymph nodes metastases, and histology grade. However, the identification of genomics-based predictive biomarkers is warranted to define subsequent treatment policies after curative surgery.

Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), also known as Thrombospondin-5 (TSP-5), is expressed by multiple cell types. COMP levels are elevated in a variety of musculoskeletal diseases.7 COMP levels have been reported to be elevated in breast malignancies, hepatocellular carcinoma, prostate cancers, and colon cancers. Increased tumor growth, cancer metastasis, cancer recurrence, and overall shorter survival have all been linked to COMP overexpression.8–11 The prognostic importance of COMP in UC has not been fully elucidated. The goal of this study was to assess COMP expression and prognostic value in UTUC and UBUC patients.

Materials and Methods

Data Mining of the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) Dataset

The NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database was used to obtain a transcriptome dataset (GSE31684) including 93 UBUC patients who underwent curative surgery. All probe sets without pre-selection were utilized. Raw data were then imported into Nexus Expression 3 software to calculate the level of gene expression. By comparing tumor stage (high stage vs low stage) and metastatic events (metastasis vs non-metastasis), comparative studies were carried out to determine the significantly differentially expressed genes linked to extracellular matrix structural constituent (GO:0005201). Additionally, differentially regulated genes in MIBC vs NMIBC and metastatic disease vs non-metastatic disease were identified (P < 0.001 and log ratio >1) (Figure 1 and Table 1).

Figure 1

A published transcriptome dataset of urothelial carcinoma (GSE31684) from GEO database showed gene expression associated with extracellular matrix structure constituent (GO:0005201). COMP is the most upregulated gene.

Table 1

Differential Expression of Genes Associated with the Regulation of Extracellular Matrix Structural Constituent (GO:0005201) in the Transcriptome of Urothelial Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder (GSE31684) in Connection to Cancer Invasiveness and Metastases

Probe	Comparing MIBC vs NMIBC		Comparing Meta. vs Non-Meta		Gene Symbol	Gene Title	Biological Process
	Log Ratio	p-value
203886_s_at	0.8918	0.0003	0.6266	0.0009	FBLN2	Fibulin 2	Calcium ion binding, extracellular matrix structural constituent, protein binding
204163_at	1.1047	0.0001	0.6313	0.0001	EMILIN1	Elastin microfibril interfacer 1	Extracellular matrix constituent conferring elasticity, extracellular matrix structural constituent, identical protein binding, protein binding
205648_at	0.6169	0.0014	0.4056	0.0061	WNT2	Wingless-type MMTV integration site family member 2	Extracellular matrix structural constituent, signal transducer activity
205713_s_at	1.8386	0.0001	1.1823	0.0001	COMP	Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein	Calcium ion binding, extracellular matrix structural constituent, protein binding
209082_s_at	0.6536	0.0015	0.4516	0.0042	COL18A1	Collagen; type XVIII; alpha 1	Extracellular matrix structural constituent, metal ion binding, protein binding, structural molecule activity, zinc ion binding
209156_s_at	2.1304	0.0001	0.9732	0.0021	COL6A2	Collagen; type VI; alpha 2	Extracellular matrix structural constituent, protein binding, protein binding; bridging, structural molecule activity
209356_x_at	0.5664	0.0027	0.4818	0.0008	EFEMP2	EGF-containing fibulin-like extracellular matrix protein 2	Calcium ion binding, extracellular matrix structural constituent, protein binding, transmembrane receptor activity
209758_s_at	1.4195	0.0001	0.5778	0.0087	MFAP5	Microfibrillar associated protein 5	Extracellular matrix structural constituent
213290_at	0.832	0.0002	0.5142	0.004	COL6A2	Collagen; type VI; alpha 2	Extracellular matrix structural constituent, protein binding, protein binding; bridging, structural molecule activity
213764_s_at	1.8425	0.0001	0.8102	0.0034	MFAP5	Microfibrillar-associated protein 5	Extracellular matrix structural constituent
214702_at	0.8698	0.0001	0.3948	0.01	FN1	Fibronectin 1	Collagen binding, extracellular matrix structural constituent, heparin binding, protein binding
215076_s_at	1.4494	0.0001	0.5177	0.0031	COL3A1	Collagen; type III; alpha 1 (Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV; autosomal dominant)	Extracellular matrix structural constituent, structural molecule activity
221900_at	0.8558	0.0001	0.3936	0.0014	COL8A2	Collagen; type VIII; alpha 2	Extracellular matrix structural constituent, protein binding, protein binding; bridging, structural molecule activity

Study Population

Between 1996 and 2004, the Chi Mei Medical Center enrolled 340 patients with UTUC and 295 patients with UBUC who underwent curative surgery. The study had been approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Chi Mei Medical Center (Address: 901 Chunghwa Road, Yung Kang Dist., Tainan City 710, TAIWAN) with the approval number of 10,501,005. All subjects gave their informed consent. Retrospective data on demographics and clinical information, such as pathological features, oncological follow-up, and cause of death, were obtained. Patients who had received neoadjuvant radiotherapy or chemotherapy, had acute blood disorders, bone marrow abnormalities, a concomitant muscle-invasive bladder tumor, or had inadequate clinical data were excluded from the study. The tumor stage was assessed using the Tumor, Node, Metastasis (TNM) system developed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) in 2002. Using the seventh edition of the AJCC staging system, two pathologists examined tumor specimens and classified them as low grade or high grade. In general, all patients were treated with curative surgery. Cisplatin-based adjuvant treatment was given to all UBUC patients with pT3 or pT4 cancers or nodal involvement.

Immunohistochemistry and Scoring

Specimens were prepared by standard procedure. The sections were incubated for 1 hour with the primary COMP antibody (Clone: EPR22857-38, Abcam, dilution 1:200). A DAKO ChemMate EnVision Kit (K5001, Carpinteria, CA, USA) was then used to detect antibodies. Positive controls were cell blocks collected from cell lines known to express COMP. Negative controls were sections processed without the primary anti-COMP antibody. The H-score was calculated using the following equation by two pathologists to estimate COMP immunoreactivity: H-score = SPi (i + 1), where Pi represents the percentage of stained tumor cells in various intensities ranging from 0% to 100%, and i represents the staining intensity (0 to 3+). If scoring differences occurred, the two pathologists analyzed the slides at the same time and came to an H-score agreement. Based on the median H-score, the immunostain was divided into low and high expression levels.

Real-Time RT-PCR

Pure tumor cells were isolated using laser capture microdissection in 20 snap-frozen UB samples to determine mRNA expression of COMP. Total RNA was extracted and sent for reverse-transcription to quantify transcript level. As previously described, mRNA abundance of COMP (Hs00164359_m1) was measured with pre-designed TaqMan assay reagents (Applied Biosystems) using the the ABI StepOnePlus™ System. COMP expression relative to normal urothelium was calculated by the comparative Ct method after normalization to POLR2A (Hs01108291_m1) as the internal control.

Statistical Analysis

Pearson’s chi-square test was used to assess the relationship between COMP expression and various clinicopathological features. We looked at two outcomes: metastasis-free survival (MFS) and disease-specific survival (DSS). Relevant COMP expression and clinicopathological characteristics were identified as predictors of DSS (measured from curative surgery to the time of cancer mortality) and MFS (measured from curative surgery to the first metastasis) using univariate and multivariate analysis. The Kaplan–Meier method with a Log rank test was used to create survival curves. To find the independent variables, all significant parameters from the univariate analysis were incorporated in the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model. For statistical analysis, IBM’s SPSS Statistics V.17.0 software (Armonk, NY, USA) was used. The cutoff for statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.

Results

Upregulation of COMP Gene Links to Extracellular Matrix Structure in the UBUC Transcriptome

A published UBUC transcriptome dataset (GSE31684) for data mining was used that included 93 patients who had a radical cystectomy. A total of 78 patients were diagnosed with invasive illness (pT2–pT4), and 15 were diagnosed with noninvasive or superficial disease (pTa and pT1). We discovered 13 probes that covered 13 transcripts related to extracellular matrix structural constituents (GO:0005201). COMP was shown to be significantly elevated in invasive UC when compared to non-invasive UC (Table 1 and Figure 1). Table 1 shows that in advanced UC, the COMP gene (Probe: 205713 s at) was upregulated by up to 1.8386-fold log ratios (P < 0.0001). COMP was similarly elevated in metastatic UC with 1.1823-fold log ratios (P = 0.0001) compared with non-metastatic UC.

Associations of COMP mRNA Expression with pT Status

In the UBUC groups, the level of COMP transcripts was considerably higher in tumors with a high pT status (pT2–pT4) compared with noninvasive tumors (pTa-T1) (P < 0.01) (Figure 2).

Figure 2

The COMP transcript level was significantly higher among tumors with high pT status (pT2–pT4) compared with noninvasive tumors (pTa-T1) in UBUC groups. [asterisk (*): extreme outliers; circle (O), mild outliers].

Clinicopathological Features of the UC Cohorts

A total of 340 UTUC and 295 UBUC patients were included in this study (Table 2). The average age was 65.8 years. A total of 159 patients (46.8%) in the UTUC cohort had advanced T stage (pT2-4) tumors, 28 patients (8.2%) had lymph node metastases, and 284 patients (83.5%) presented with high-grade tumors; in addition, 106 patients (31.2%) had vascular invasion (VI) and 19 patients (5.9%) had perineural invasion (PNI). A total of 167 patients (49.1%) had malignancies with a high mitotic rate. In the UBUC cohort 123 patients (41.7%) had muscle invasive bladder cancer (pT2-4). At the time of diagnosis, the majority of patients (81%) had a high-grade tumor. Only 29 patients (7.8%) were found to have lymph node metastases. A total of 156 lesions had a high mitotic rate (52.9%). In addition, VI and PNI were discovered in 20 (6.8%) and 49 (16.6%) lesions, respectively.

Table 2

Correlation Between COMP Expression and Other Important Clinicopathological Features in Urothelial Carcinomas

Parameter	Category	Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma				Urinary Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma
		Case No.	COMP Expression		p-value	Case No.	COMP Expression		p-value
			Low	High			Low	High
Gender	Male	158	78	80	0.828	216	103	113	0.223
	Female	182	92	90		79	44	35
Age (years)	<65	138	71	67	0.659	121	56	65	0.309
	≥65	202	99	103		174	91	83
Tumor location	Renal pelvis	141	65	76	0.215	–	–	–	–
	Ureter	150	83	67		–	–	–	–
	Renal pelvis and ureter	49	22	27		–	–	–	–
Multifocality	Single	278	142	136	0.399	–	–	–	–
	Multifocal	62	28	34		–	–	–	–
Primary tumor (T)	Ta	89	65	24	<0.001*	84	62	22	<0.001*
	T1	92	59	33		88	52	36
	T2–T4	159	46	113		123	33	90
Nodal metastasis	Negative (N0)	312	164	148	0.002*	266	142	124	<0.001*
	Positive (N1–N2)	28	6	22		29	5	24
Histological grade	Low grade	56	42	14	<0.001*	56	37	19	0.007*
	High grade	284	128	156		239	110	129
Vascular invasion	Absent	234	149	85	<0.001*	246	141	105	<0.001*
	Present	106	21	85		49	6	43
Perineural invasion	Absent	321	167	154	0.002*	275	143	131	0.006*
	Present	19	3	16		20	4	16
Mitotic rate (per 10 high-power fields)	<10	173	99	74	0.007*	139	81	58	0.006*
	≥10	167	71	96		156	66	90

Note: *Statistically significant.

Correlations Between COMP Expression and Pathological Features in UC

As determined using immunohistochemistry, muscle invasive UC had greater COMP immunoreactivity than non-muscle invasive UC (Figure 3). Table 2 summarizes the relationships between COMP expression levels and clinicopathological parameters in UC cases. In UTUC cohorts, COMP overexpression was associated with advanced T stage (P < 0.001), nodal metastases (P = 0.002), high histological grade (P < 0.001), vascular invasion (P < 0.001), perineural invasion (P = 0.002), and high mitotic rate (P = 0.007). In the UBUC cohorts, a significant correlation between high COMP immunoexpression and advanced T stage (P < 0.001), nodal metastases (P < 0.001), high histological grade (P = 0.007), vascular invasion (P < 0.001), perineural invasion (P = 0.006), and high mitotic rate (P = 0.006) were identified.

Figure 3

Increased COMP in muscle invasive (B) compared to non-muscle invasive (A) urothelial carcinoma (immunohistochemical staining). (Inset: tumor adjacent non-tumor urothelium) (original magnification: 400×).

Prognostic Significance of COMP Expression

A total of 113 UC patients died, including 61 UTUC patients, and 52 UBUC patients. In addition, 146 individuals, including 70 UTUC patients and 76 UBUC patients, developed metastases. The predictive effects of COMP expression on cancer metastasis and patient survival in UTUC were assessed using univariate and multivariate analyses (Table 3). Tumor site, multi-focal tumors, T stage, nodal metastases, vascular invasion, high-grade tumor, perineural invasion, and COMP overexpression were all revealed to be significant predictive variables for DSS in a univariate analysis of UTUC. Poor MFS was linked with multilocality, lymph node metastases, T stage, histological grade, perineural invasion, vascular invasion, and COMP expression. Nodal metastases, high histological grade, perineural invasion, and COMP expression were all significantly associated with worse DFS, whereas nodal metastases, vascular invasion, perineural invasion, and COMP expression were all significantly correlated with worse MFS in multivariate Cox regression analysis.

Table 3

Univariate Log Rank and Multivariate Analyses for Disease-Specific and Metastasis-Free Survival in Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma

Parameter	Category	Case No.	Disease-Specific Survival					Metastasis-Free Survival
			Univariate Analysis		Multivariate Analysis			Univariate Analysis		Multivariate Analysis
			No. of Events	P-value	RR	95% CI	p-value	No. of Events	p-value	RR	95% CI	P-value
Gender	Male	158	28	0.8286	–	–	–	32	0.7904	–	–	–
	Female	182	33		–	–	–	38		–	–	–
Age (years)	<65	138	26	0.9943	–	–	–	30	0.8470	–	–	–
	≥65	202	35		–	–	–	40		–	–	–
Tumor side	Right	177	34	0.7366	–	–	–	38	0.3074	–	–	–
	Left	154	26		–	–	–	32		–	–	–
	Bilateral	9	1		–	–	–	0		–	–	–
Tumor location	Renal pelvis	141	24	0.0079*	1	–	0.613	31	0.0659	–	–	–
	Ureter	150	22		0.638	0.175–2.327		25		–	–	–
	Renal pelvis and ureter	49	15		0.519	0.130–2.066		14		–	–	–
Multifocality	Single	273	48	0.0026*	1	–	0.405	52	0.0127*	1	–	0.111
	Multifocal	62	18		2.152	0.486–5.965		18		2.384	1.400–3.257
Primary tumor (T)	Ta	89	2	<0.0001*	1	–	0.078	4	<0.0001*	1	–	0.265
	T1	92	9		3.194	0.670–15.225		15		2.577	0.826–8.040
	T2–T4	159	50		5.297	1.156–24.275		51		2.193	0.689–6.979
Nodal metastasis	Negative (N0)	312	42	<0.0001*	1	–	<0.001*	55	<0.0001*	1	–	0.001*
	Positive (N1–N2)	28	19		5.148	2.782–9.526		15		2.940	1.566–5.518
Histological grade	Low grade	56	4	0.0215*	1	–	0.077*	3	0.0027*	1	–	0.066
	High grade	284	57		2.769	0.896–8.554		67		3.219	0.925–11.207
Vascular invasion	Absent	234	24	<0.0001*	1	–	0.304	26	<0.0001*	1	–	0.030*
	Present	106	37		1.387	0.743–2.590		44		1.994	1.070–3.716
Perineural invasion	Absent	321	50	<0.0001*	1	–	<0.001*	61	<0.0001*	1	–	0.015*
	Present	19	11		3.774	1.767–8.062		9		2.640	1.945–8.516
Mitotic rate (per 10 high-power fields)	< 10	173	27	0.167	–	–		30	0.0823	–	–
	≥ 10	167	34		–	–		40		–	–
COMP expression	Low	170	11	<0.0001*	1	–	0.027*	10	<0.0001*	1	–	<0.001*
	High	170	50		2.283	1.100–4.735		60		4.070	1.945–8.516

Note: *Statistically significant.

COMP overexpression was found to be substantially linked with poor DFS (hazard ratio [HR], 2.283; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.100–4.735; P = 0.027) and poor MFS (HR, 4.070; 95% CI, 1.945–8.516; P < 0.001) in multivariate analysis.

In the UBUC cohorts (Table 4), T stage, nodal metastases, vascular invasion, perineural invasion, high tumor grade, and COMP expression were all associated with poor prognostic variables for DSS and MFS in the univariate analysis. T stage, vascular invasion, perineural invasion, and COMP expression (HR, 3.986; 95% CI, 1.815–8.754; P < 0.001) were all substantially linked with poorer DSS in multivariate Cox regression analysis. Only T stage, nodal metastases, and COMP overexpression (HR, 6.813; 95% CI, 3.406–13.625; P < 0.001).

Table 4

Univariate Log Rank and Multivariate Analyses for Disease-Specific and Metastasis-Free Survival in Urinary Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma

Parameter	Category	Case No.	Disease-Specific Survival					Metastasis-Free Survival
			Univariate analysis		Multivariate Analysis			Univariate Analysis		Multivariate Analysis
			No. of Events	P-value	RR	95% CI	P-value	No. of Events	P-value	RR	95% CI	P-value
Gender	Male	216	41	0.4446	–	–	–	60	0.2720	–	–	–
	Female	79	11		–	–	–	16		–	–	–
Age (years)	<65	121	17	0.1136	–	–	–	31	0.6875	–	–	–
	≥65	174	35		–	–	–	45		–	–	–
Primary tumor (T)	Ta	84	1	<0.0001*	1	–	0.033*	4	<0.0001*	1	–	0.033*
	T1	88	9		4.595	0.530–39.847		23		3.326	1.062–10.413
	T2–T4	123	42		19.886	2.363–167.335		49		4.688	1.456–15.100
Nodal metastasis	Negative (N0)	266	41	0.0002*	1	–	0.585	61	<0.0001*	1	–	0.023*
	Positive (N1–N2)	29	11		1.218	0.600–2.470		15		2.038	1.103–3.765
Histological grade	Low grade	56	2	0.0013*	1	–	0.797	5	0.0007*	1	–	0.621
	High grade	239	50		1.225	0.261–5.742		71		1.291	0.468–3.562
Vascular invasion	Absent	246	37	0.0024*	1	–	0.034*	54	0.0001*	1	–	0.490
	Present	49	15		0.480	0.244–0.947		22		0.813	0.453–1.462
Perineural invasion	Absent	275	44	0.0001*	1	–	0.029*	66	0.0007*	1	–	0.217
	Present	20	8		2.474	1.098–5.579		10		1.562	0.770–3.171
Mitotic rate (per 10 high-power fields)	<10	139	12	<0.0001*	1	–	0.063	23	<0.0001*	1	–	0.123
	≥10	156	40		1.899	0.967–3.731		53		1.499	0.896–2.508
COMP expression	Low	147	8	<0.0001*	1	–	<0.001*	10	<0.0001*	1	–	<0.001*
	High	148	44		3.986	1.815–8.754		66		6.813	3.406–13.625

Note: *Statistically significant.

Survival Analysis in UTUC and UBUC

In the UTUC group, Kaplan–Meier analysis showed COMP overexpression was correlated with poorer DSS (Figure 4A; P < 0.0001) and MFS (Figure 4B; P < 0.0001). COMP overexpression was also associated with poorer DSS (Figure 4C; P < 0.0001) and MFS (Figure 4D; P < 0.0001) in UBUC patients.

Figure 4

Kaplan–Meier analysis showed COMP overexpression associated with worse disease-specific survival and metastases-free survival in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (A and B, respectively) and urinary bladder urothelial carcinoma (C and D, respectively).

Discussion

COMP is a large pentameric cartilage protein with five identical monomers linked by disulfide bridges at the N-terminus. Four epidermal growth factor (EGF) domains, eight calcium-binding type 3-repeat domains, and a globular carboxyl-terminal are contained in each subunit. COMP is a member of the thrombospondin gene family12 and is found in articular cartilage, ligaments, and tendons. The protein can also be found in the skin, breast tissues, and liver tissues.9,13,14 Although the role of COMP glycoprotein has been well documented in multiple connective tissue disorders,15 its role in carcinogenesis remains uncertain. Recently, evidence has demonstrated that COMP upregulation correlates with poor prognosis and metastases in breast cancer, prostate cancer, thyroid cancer, colon cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma.8,9,11,16–18

In order to find molecular biomarkers, we use the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database to obtain a transcriptome dataset (GSE31684) including 93 UBUC patients who underwent curative surgery. In our one unpublished study, we evaluated the genes associated with the nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process (GO:0006139) and found DPYSL3 was the only transcript that showed a significant survival impact. Moreover, we performed cell line study to clarify the biological functions of this novel biomarker.34 Based on this, we believe the pathogenesis of UC is complex and all biomarkers are different in nature and biology. Searching other possible molecular biomarkers is mandatory. In this study, we use the same transcriptome dataset, the genes related to extracellular matrix structure constituent (GO:0005201) was assessed to better understand the role of COMP in urothelial cancer. COMP was substantially elevated in invasive UC compared with non-invasive UC across these genes. Thus, COMP was chosen as a candidate for additional testing considering the purpose was to determine the most upregulated gene relating to tumor invasiveness and metastases. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate COMP overexpression associated with poor survival in urothelial carcinoma.

There are several theories to explain the role of COMP in cancer development and prognosis: (1) COMP can promote tumor EMT.17,19 (2) COMP activates the Jagged1-Notch 3 signaling pathway, which leads to the initiation of cancer stem cells.20 (3) COMP prevents apoptosis by inducing the expression of apoptosis inhibitors.21 (4) COMP expressing cancer cells switch to aerobic glycolysis to generate energy.16 As previously reported, the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical biological step in the migration and invasion of malignant tumor cells.22 It is crucial to know the molecular mechanism of EMT regulation in malignant tumor cells and its role in the occurrence, growth, and metastasis of malignant cells. COMP can stimulate tumor EMT, although the mechanism is unknown.17,19 COMP glycoprotein has been demonstrated to be co-expressed with many EMT genes, and a clear association between high COMP expression and poor colon cancer survival has also been reported.19,23 On the other hand, extracellular matrices (ECMs) are multi-component networks that surround cells in tissues. Cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation, as well as tissue organization, are all dependent on these networks. In addition to providing support, the ECM supra-structure may process and convey a variety of signals to cells, which ultimately regulate their behavior. Importantly, ECM-derived signals play a key role in the EMT process during carcinogenesis. COMP did not affect breast cancer cell adhesion or migration, but it did boost invasiveness by upregulating MMP 9 and enhancing cancer cells’ ability to destroy surrounding ECM stroma in a breast cancer cell model.9 COMP expression was increased in malignant breast and prostate tissues, according to gene expression analysis.16,24 This observation is consistent with immunostaining results, which indicated that COMP is expressed not only in stroma but also in epithelial tumor cells. COMP can stimulate proliferation by interacting with collagen molecules, which are known for their function in maintaining the extracellular matrix and driving cell proliferation via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR/p70S6K pathways.10,25–28

COMP is stored in platelet α-granules, released and synthesized following platelet activation.29 COMP binds to thrombin and inhibits thrombin-induced platelet aggregation, activation, and retraction, as well as thrombin-mediated fibrinogen cleavage.30 Increased plasma fibrinogen levels and the high platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) have been linked to worse clinical outcomes in UC.31–33 A recent retrospective study reported that high PLR was associated with a poor initial tumor response to pembrolizumab.31 The hypothesis that high fibrinogen and high PLR are associated with poor prognosis in UC through COMP is quite interesting and worth further exploration.

Conclusion

COMP upregulation correlated with worse clinicopathological features. COMP is also associated with worse survival in UC, suggesting its role as a prognostic biomarker for UC. To our knowledge, this is the first study to elucidate the role of COMP in UC. Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanism and apply these findings to clinical practice.