Phylogenetic relationships of the Renschetrematidae Yamaguti, 1971 with description of a new species of Renschetrema Rohde, 1964 from the Philippines.

Renschetrematidae is a very small family of digeneans parasitic in bats in southern and Southeast Asia. According to the original descriptions and the latest revision, its representatives are characterized by the presence of several unusual characters. Among them are the dorsal position of the genital pores, separate male and female genital pores, and the presence of an accessory sac (stylet pouch) associated with terminal genitalia and containing a stylet-like structure. Prior to our study, the phylogenetic relationships of the Renschetrematidae were unknown and DNA sequence data were absent from any of its representatives. In this work, we present the description of a new species of Renschetrema from bats in the Philippines. We also evaluate the phylogenetic affinities of the Renschetrematidae using newly obtained partial sequences of the 28S rRNA gene from Renschetrema specimens collected in the Philippines and Southeast China. The new species differs from previously described species by the position and orientations of the stylet pouch, presence of accessory spines around genital atrium, position of gonads, body shape and relative size of pharynx and oral sucker. Our phylogenetic analysis supports the status of the Renschetrematidae as an independent family within the superfamily Microphalloidea. In the phylogenetic tree, the Renschetrematidae appeared as an independent family-level lineage, basal to the remaining taxa within the Microphalloidea. Detailed examination of our specimens revealed significant errors in the current diagnoses of the genus Renschetrema and the Renschetrematidae. Amended diagnoses of the genus and the family are provided.