Kelley Pettee Gabriel1, Byron C Jaeger2, Barbara Sternfeld3, Erin E Dooley1, Mercedes R Carnethon4, David R Jacobs5, Cora E Lewis1, Bjoern Hornikel1, Jared P Reis6, Pamela J Schreiner5, James M Shikany7, Kara M Whitaker8, Stephen Sidney3. 1. Department of Epidemiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL. 2. Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC. 3. Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA. 4. Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL. 5. Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. 6. Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD. 7. Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL. 8. Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.
Abstract
PURPOSE: This study aimed to describe maximal and submaximal cardiorespiratory fitness from early adulthood to midlife and examine differences in maximal fitness at age 20 yr and changes in fitness overtime by subcategories of sociodemographic, behavioral, and health-related factors. METHODS: Data include 5018 Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults participants (mean (SD) age, 24.8 (3.7) yr; 53.3% female; and 51.4% Black participants) who completed at least one maximal graded exercise test at baseline and/or the year 7 and 20 exams. Maximal and submaximal fitness were estimated by exercise duration and heart rate at the end of stage 2. Multivariable adjusted linear-mixed models were used to estimate fitness trajectories using age as the mechanism for time after adjustment for covariates. Fitness trajectories from ages 20 to 50 yr in 5-yr increments were estimated overall and by subgroups determined by each factor after adjustment for duration within the less favorable category. RESULTS: Mean (95% confidence interval) maximal fitness at age 20 and 50 yr was 613 (607-616) and 357 (350-362) s; submaximal heart rate during this period also reflected age-related fitness declines (126 (125-127) and 138 (137-138) bpm). Compared with men, women had lower maximal fitness at age 20 yr (P < 0.001), which persisted over follow-up (P < 0.001); differences were also found by race within sex strata (all P < 0.001). Differences in maximal fitness at age 20 yr were noted by socioeconomic, behavioral, and health-related status in young adulthood (all P < 0.05), which persisted over follow-up (all P < 0.001) and were generally consistent in sex-stratified analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Targeting individuals experiencing accelerated fitness declines with tailored intervention strategies may provide an opportunity to preserve fitness throughout midlife to reduce lifetime cardiovascular disease risk.
PURPOSE: This study aimed to describe maximal and submaximal cardiorespiratory fitness from early adulthood to midlife and examine differences in maximal fitness at age 20 yr and changes in fitness overtime by subcategories of sociodemographic, behavioral, and health-related factors. METHODS: Data include 5018 Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults participants (mean (SD) age, 24.8 (3.7) yr; 53.3% female; and 51.4% Black participants) who completed at least one maximal graded exercise test at baseline and/or the year 7 and 20 exams. Maximal and submaximal fitness were estimated by exercise duration and heart rate at the end of stage 2. Multivariable adjusted linear-mixed models were used to estimate fitness trajectories using age as the mechanism for time after adjustment for covariates. Fitness trajectories from ages 20 to 50 yr in 5-yr increments were estimated overall and by subgroups determined by each factor after adjustment for duration within the less favorable category. RESULTS: Mean (95% confidence interval) maximal fitness at age 20 and 50 yr was 613 (607-616) and 357 (350-362) s; submaximal heart rate during this period also reflected age-related fitness declines (126 (125-127) and 138 (137-138) bpm). Compared with men, women had lower maximal fitness at age 20 yr (P < 0.001), which persisted over follow-up (P < 0.001); differences were also found by race within sex strata (all P < 0.001). Differences in maximal fitness at age 20 yr were noted by socioeconomic, behavioral, and health-related status in young adulthood (all P < 0.05), which persisted over follow-up (all P < 0.001) and were generally consistent in sex-stratified analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Targeting individuals experiencing accelerated fitness declines with tailored intervention strategies may provide an opportunity to preserve fitness throughout midlife to reduce lifetime cardiovascular disease risk.
Authors: Paul M Ribisl; Wei Lang; Sarah A Jaramillo; John M Jakicic; Kerry J Stewart; Judy Bahnson; Renee Bright; Jeff F Curtis; Richard S Crow; Judith E Soberman Journal: Diabetes Care Date: 2007-07-20 Impact factor: 19.112
Authors: Kelley Pettee Gabriel; Stephen Sidney; David R Jacobs; Charles P Quesenberry; Jared P Reis; Sheng-Fang Jiang; Barbara Sternfeld Journal: Med Sci Sports Exerc Date: 2014-08