Matteo Giuriato1,2,3, Nicola Lovecchio4, Vittoria Carnevale Pellino5,6, Jan Mieszkowski3, Adam Kawczyński7, Alan Nevill8, Valentina Biino1,2. 1. Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy. 2. Department of Human Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy. 3. Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland. 4. Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy. 5. Laboratory of Adapted Motor Activity (LAMA), Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. 6. Industrial Engineering, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy. 7. Wrocław University of Health and Sport Sciences, Department of Paralympics Sports, Wrocław, Poland. 8. Faculty of Education, Health and Wellbeing, Walsall Campus, Walsall, UK, University of Wolverhampton, Walsall, United Kingdom.
Abstract
Background: Gross motor coordination (GMC) is fundamental to the harmonious development of physical skills during the growth of children. This research aimed to explore the developmental changes in GMC during childhood, having controlled for the differences in children's body size and shape using a longitudinal, allometric scaling methodology. Methods: A total of 104 children from North-East Italy of third-fourth- and fifth-grade students and each participant were tested for three consequently years. Subjects performed the short version of korperkoordinationstest fur kinder (KTK3) and the anthropometric characteristics were simultaneously collected. The physical activity questionnaire (PAQ-C) was used to evaluate the weekly physical engagement. Results: Ontogenetic multiplicative models suggested nonlinear associations with GMC across the children's developmental years. Linear physique was a significant predictor associated with the development of GMC across time. PAQ-C was significantly associated with GMC from 8 to 13 years old. Conclusion: Growth does not respect linear trends. A greater lean body mass could be assessed as a reliable predictor of GMC in children. The crucial period of life to improve the GMC is 8-10 years, while stabilization becomes evident from 10 to 13 years.
Background: Gross motor coordination (GMC) is fundamental to the harmonious development of physical skills during the growth of children. This research aimed to explore the developmental changes in GMC during childhood, having controlled for the differences in children's body size and shape using a longitudinal, allometric scaling methodology. Methods: A total of 104 children from North-East Italy of third-fourth- and fifth-grade students and each participant were tested for three consequently years. Subjects performed the short version of korperkoordinationstest fur kinder (KTK3) and the anthropometric characteristics were simultaneously collected. The physical activity questionnaire (PAQ-C) was used to evaluate the weekly physical engagement. Results: Ontogenetic multiplicative models suggested nonlinear associations with GMC across the children's developmental years. Linear physique was a significant predictor associated with the development of GMC across time. PAQ-C was significantly associated with GMC from 8 to 13 years old. Conclusion: Growth does not respect linear trends. A greater lean body mass could be assessed as a reliable predictor of GMC in children. The crucial period of life to improve the GMC is 8-10 years, while stabilization becomes evident from 10 to 13 years.
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