Christopher L Hughes1, Sharlene N Flesher2, Robert A Gaunt3. 1. Rehab Neural Engineering Labs, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Electronic address: chughes003r@gmail.com. 2. Rehab Neural Engineering Labs, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Electronic address: sharlene.flesher@gmail.com. 3. Rehab Neural Engineering Labs, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Electronic address: rag53@pitt.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) of the somatosensory cortex can restore sensation to people with neurological diseases. However, many aspects of ICMS are poorly understood, including the effect of stimulation on percept intensity over time. OBJECTIVE: Here, we evaluate how tactile percepts evoked by ICMS in the somatosensory cortex of a human participant adapt over time. METHODS: We delivered continuous and intermittent ICMS to the somatosensory cortex and assessed the reported intensity of tactile percepts over time in a human participant. Experiments were conducted over approximately one year and linear mixed effects models were used to assess significance. RESULTS: Continuous stimulation at high frequencies led to rapid decreases in intensity, while low frequency stimulation maintained percept intensity for longer periods. Burst-modulated stimulation extended the time before the intensity began to decrease, but all protocols ultimately resulted in complete sensation loss within 1 min. Intermittent stimulation paradigms with several seconds between stimulus trains evoked intermittent percepts and also led to decreases in intensity on many electrodes, but never resulted in extinction of the sensation after over 3 min of stimulation. Longer breaks between each pulse train resulted in some recovery in the intensity of the stimulus-evoked percepts. For several electrodes, intermittent stimulation had almost no effect on the perceived intensity. CONCLUSIONS: Intermittent ICMS paradigms were more effective at maintaining percepts. Given that transient neural activity dominates the response in somatosensory cortex during mechanical contact onsets and offsets, providing brief stimulation trains at these times may more closely represent natural cortical activity and have the additional benefit of prolonging the ability to evoke sensations over longer time periods.
BACKGROUND: Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) of the somatosensory cortex can restore sensation to people with neurological diseases. However, many aspects of ICMS are poorly understood, including the effect of stimulation on percept intensity over time. OBJECTIVE: Here, we evaluate how tactile percepts evoked by ICMS in the somatosensory cortex of a human participant adapt over time. METHODS: We delivered continuous and intermittent ICMS to the somatosensory cortex and assessed the reported intensity of tactile percepts over time in a human participant. Experiments were conducted over approximately one year and linear mixed effects models were used to assess significance. RESULTS: Continuous stimulation at high frequencies led to rapid decreases in intensity, while low frequency stimulation maintained percept intensity for longer periods. Burst-modulated stimulation extended the time before the intensity began to decrease, but all protocols ultimately resulted in complete sensation loss within 1 min. Intermittent stimulation paradigms with several seconds between stimulus trains evoked intermittent percepts and also led to decreases in intensity on many electrodes, but never resulted in extinction of the sensation after over 3 min of stimulation. Longer breaks between each pulse train resulted in some recovery in the intensity of the stimulus-evoked percepts. For several electrodes, intermittent stimulation had almost no effect on the perceived intensity. CONCLUSIONS: Intermittent ICMS paradigms were more effective at maintaining percepts. Given that transient neural activity dominates the response in somatosensory cortex during mechanical contact onsets and offsets, providing brief stimulation trains at these times may more closely represent natural cortical activity and have the additional benefit of prolonging the ability to evoke sensations over longer time periods.
Authors: Joseph T Sombeck; Juliet Heye; Karthik Kumaravelu; Stefan M Goetz; Angel V Peterchev; Warren M Grill; Sliman Bensmaia; Lee E Miller Journal: J Neural Eng Date: 2022-04-20 Impact factor: 5.043
Authors: Andrea Cometa; Antonio Falasconi; Marco Biasizzo; Jacopo Carpaneto; Andreas Horn; Alberto Mazzoni; Silvestro Micera Journal: iScience Date: 2022-09-16