Changes in the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations in specific frequency bands in major depressive disorder after electroconvulsive therapy.

BACKGROUND: Major depressive disorder (MDD) tends to have a high incidence and high suicide risk. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is currently a relatively effective treatment for MDD. However, the mechanism of efficacy of ECT is still unclear. AIM: To investigate the changes in the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations in specific frequency bands in patients with MDD after ECT.
METHODS: Twenty-two MDD patients and fifteen healthy controls (HCs) were recruited to this study. MDD patients received 8 ECT sessions with bitemporal placement. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging was adopted to examine regional cerebellar blood flow in both the MDD patients and HCs. The MDD patients were scanned twice (before the first ECT session and after the eighth ECT session) to acquire data. Then, the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) was computed to characterize the intrinsic neural oscillations in different bands (typical frequency, slow-5, and slow-4 bands).
RESULTS: Compared to before ECT (pre-ECT), we found that MDD patients after the eighth ECT (post-ECT) session had a higher ALFF in the typical band in the right middle frontal gyrus, posterior cingulate, right supramarginal gyrus, left superior frontal gyrus, and left angular gyrus. There was a lower ALFF in the right superior temporal gyrus. Compared to pre-ECT values, the ALFF in the slow-5 band was significantly increased in the right limbic lobe, cerebellum posterior lobe, right middle orbitofrontal gyrus, and frontal lobe in post-ECT patients, whereas the ALFF in the slow-5 band in the left sublobar region, right angular gyrus, and right frontal lobe was lower. In contrast, significantly higher ALFF in the slow-4 band was observed in the frontal lobe, superior frontal gyrus, parietal lobe, right inferior parietal lobule, and left angular gyrus.
CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the abnormal ALFF in pre- and post-ECT MDD patients may be associated with specific frequency bands. ©The Author(s) 2022. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

Core Tip: In this study, we explored changes in the intrinsic neural activity in major depressive disorder (MDD) patients who underwent electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) procedures by calculating amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) values for different bands. Compared to pre-ECT values, the ALFF in the slow-5 band was significantly increased in the right limbic lobe, cerebellum posterior lobe, right middle orbitofrontal gyrus, and frontal lobe in post-ECT patients, whereas the ALFF in the slow-5 band in the left sublobar region, right angular gyrus, and right frontal lobe was lower. In contrast, significantly higher ALFF in the slow-4 band was observed in the frontal lobe, superior frontal gyrus, parietal lobe, right inferior parietal lobule, and left angular gyrus. Our findings demonstrated that the ALFF alterations in post-ECT patients are dependent on specific frequency bands. These results may help us to understand more fully the potential therapeutic mechanisms of ECT for MDD patients.

INTRODUCTION

Depression is a common mental illness with a high recurrence rate and risk of suicide. The main clinical manifestations are persistent depression, lack of interest in and pleasure from normal activities, severe grief, and even stupor[1-3]. According to the latest report released by the World Health Organization in 2017[4], approximately 322 million people suffer from depression worldwide. The prevalence rate is 4.4%, and more than 1 million people commit suicide every year due to depression. The lifetime prevalence of major depression is 16.2%. Antidepressants and behavioral therapies are the most commonly used treatments, but as many as one in three patients remain unresponsive to initial treatment[5,6]. With rapid and high response rates, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is usually used when other treatments fail. It is particularly important in suicidal, psychotic, or catatonic depression[7]. Although clinical efficacy has suggested that ECT is the most effective treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD), the mechanism of action of ECT is unclear[8], and little is known about the relationship between symptom improvement and the neurobiological effects associated with ECT. Some neurobiological effects are not necessary for therapeutic effects during ECT[9], and the potential adverse reactions require its clinical application to be very cautious and limited.

Antidepressant treatment response studies have reported changes in gray matter volumes and cortical thickness associated with improvement in MDD patients[10-12]. For ECT treatment, some changes have been reported in the structure of the gray matter in MDD patients. Yrondi et al[13] reported that gray matter changes occurred after several ECT sessions. Some studies have confirmed that ECT can also induce changes in the hippocampal formation and other brain regions[14-18]. Abbott et al[14] found a significant increase in the volume of the right hippocampus. Bouckaert et al[15] found that the caudate nucleus increased in volume. ECT also had vital effects on the dentate gyrus[19].

In addition to measuring alterations in brain structure in patients with MDD after ECT treatment, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) also has been used to detect changes in brain activity. Beall et al[20] adopted task fMRI to find that remission after ECT for MDD is connected to decreased activation in emotional regulation but increased resting connectivity. Abbott et al[21] used resting-state fMRI to measure the variations in MDD patients after multiple ECT sessions. This research reported that functional connectivity increased in two networks: (1) Posterior default mode (p_DM) and the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC); and (2) The left dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (l_DLPFC) and p_DM. The fronto-temporal connectivity and the functional connectivity strength of the left angular gyrus in MDD were also found to be responses to ECT[7,22]. Redlich et al[9] used fMRI to find an increase in amygdala activity in patients with ECT, whereas activity after ECT was significantly reduced. Sinha et al[23] applied graph theory to fMRI data and revealed significant differences in the brain regions of patients with depression before and after ECT. To assess the alterations in depressive patients with ECT, data-driven methods also have been adopted[24,25]. However, there were still no consistent antidepressant responses observed in previous studies[26].

Many studies have revealed different functional activities of the brain since rs-fMRI was adopted by Biswal et al[27] to study spontaneous brain activity. To date, most studies have examined spontaneous low-frequency oscillation (LFO) activities at the frequency band of 0.01-0.1 Hz. However, some studies observed that neuronal oscillations are distributed linearly on the natural logarithmic scale and that independent frequency bands are generated by distinct oscillators with specific properties and physiological functions[28-30]. Moreover, neighboring frequency bands within the same neuronal network may compete or interact with each other[31]. The rs-fMRI LFO can be decomposed into the following frequency bands: slow-6 (0-0.01 Hz), slow-5 (0.01-0.027 Hz), slow-4 (0.027-0.073 Hz), slow-3 (0.073-0.198 Hz), and slow-2 (0.198-0.25 Hz). Zuo et al[32] found that the low-frequency amplitudes in the slow-5 band are smaller than those in the slow-4 band in the basal ganglia, thalamus, precuneus, and so on. Meanwhile, many studies have presented different measures of the nature of rs-fMRI. Among them, the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) is a reliable representation of whole-brain rs-fMRI signals[33-35]. ALFF has been widely adopted because it directly correlates with the intensity of spontaneous neural activity in the resting state with regard to energy metabolism[36,37]. Frequency-dependent changes in ALFF have already been used to investigate some brain network mechanisms and disease phenotypes, such as chronic schizophrenia, late-onset depression, chronic tinnitus, and social anxiety disorder[28,30-40]. These studies showed that intrinsic functional activities of brain networks are correlated with different frequency bands.

In the current study, we investigated the alterations of the ALFF at different frequency bands (slow-5 (0.01-0.027 Hz), slow-4 (0.027-0.08 Hz)) in MDD patients before and after ECT. Then, the differences before and after ECT were explored.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Subjects

Twenty-two inpatients (14 females and 8 males, aged 34.4 ± 10.1, range 21-55 years old) who had been diagnosed with major depression at the Mental Health Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University were recruited. Fifteen gender- and age-matched healthy controls (HCs) (10 females and 5 males, aged 36.1 ± 9.4, range 21-55 years old) were recruited to participate in the investigation. All patients underwent blood tests, electrocardiogram, electroencephalogram, X-ray, and physical examination before ECT[41]. The study was approved by the local ethics committee of Chongqing Medical University accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki. Each patient gave written informed consent.

The inclusion criteria for the MDD patients included the following: (1) Agreeing to receive ECT; (2) meeting the unipolar major depressive diagnostic criteria according to the Diagnostic Statistical Manual-IV[42] (two trained senior psychiatrists carried out the structured clinical interviews and made the diagnoses); (3) no contraindications to MRI scanning; (4) Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD)[43] score greater than 21; and (5) age between sixteen and sixty years. The exclusion criteria for the patients were as follows: (1) Severe somatic disease; (2) substance abuse; (3) pregnancy or lactation; (4) depression with other mental illnesses[44]; and (5) exposure to ECT or mood stabilizers in the preceding one month. HCs had no history of their own or family mental illness.

ECT procedures

The Thymatron DGx (Somatics LLC, Lake Bluff, IL, United States) was used to perform the ECT for all 22 MDD patients at the Mental Health Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University. Each patient received eight ECT treatments within three weeks. Specifically, the procedures were administered 3 times per week (Monday, Wednesday, and Friday mornings) for the first two weeks and 2 times per week (Monday and Friday mornings) for the 3rd week. The time and frequency of ECT treatment were the same for all patients. Before ECT, water and food intake were restricted for the patients beginning at midnight. Before receiving the first ECT and after the eighth ECT, all patients were administered MRI scans, fMRI scans, and HAMD scores. Antidepressants and antipsychotics were not used during the ECT treatment period.

In every ECT process, the patients received anesthesia with sodium thiopental (3.0-5.0 mg/kg) and succinylcholine (0.5-1.0 mg/kg). In this study, the ECT electrodes were placed in the bitemporal position. According to the seizure response and adverse reactions (if any) during ECT, the electrical stimulation intensity was individually accommodated. In the first ECT, the seizure threshold was measured by the minimum electrical dose that elicited a seizure for at least 25 s[45]. Each time the initial dose failed to cause seizures, the output charge of the 5% ECT device was increased, and the patient was re-stimulated after 30 s. The patient underwent up to three electrical stimulations at one ECT. If the seizure threshold measurements failed in the first session, stimulation with 2 times the last dose was performed in the next session. To achieve a therapeutic effect and reduce side effects, the electrical dosage was set at 1.5-2 times the seizure threshold in subsequent ECT treatment sessions according to the extent of seizure. If the clinician determined that the clinical symptoms of depression had not been adequately improved after eight sessions, we continued the ECT course for the patients to up to 12 ECT sessions. For the sake of the comparison, each patient underwent MRI scanning after the eighth ECT treatment.

Mood ratings

Depression symptoms of the patients were measured by the 24-item HAMD Rating Scale on the same day as brain scanning. The psychiatrists performed the clinical assessments of depression for all patients twice. The first time was within 24 h before the 1st ECT treatment (pre-ECT). The second time was within 24 h after the 8th ECT treatment (post-ECT).

Data acquisition

Image data were collected with the MRI scanner system (3.0-T, GE Signa) at the Mental Health Center of Chongqing Medical University. Both the HCs and the MDD patients were instructed to relax, stay awake, keep their eyes closed, and avoid thinking during the scanning process. The resting-state functional images were collected with an echo planar imaging sequence. The image parameters were recorded as follows: repetition time/echo time, 2 s/30 milliseconds; field of view, 240 mm × 240 mm; data matrix, 64 × 64; flip angle, 90°; slices, 30; slice thickness, 5 mm; volumes, 200. The scan lasted 6 min and 50 s per scan.

Functional image data preprocessing

Using the statistical parametric mapping software platform, functional image data preprocessing was carried out by DPABI (Data Processing Assistant for rs-fMRI, http://www.restfmri.net, by YAN Chao-Gan et al[46]). The preprocessing procedure on the rs-fMRI data included the following: (1) We abandoned the first 10 volumes because the signals of the participants’ adaptation to the scanning environment were unstable. Then, the remaining 190 volumes were retained; (2) Head motion correction was performed. Subjects with a head motion of more than 1.5 mm in any direction of the 3 coordinate axes (x, y, and z) or angular motion of more than 1.5° were excluded from this study; (3) Considering the delay of the acquisition, slice timing was conducted. There were 30 Layers in a scan. The odd-numbered layers started and were followed by the even-numbered layers; (4) Spatial normalization was carried out. The fMRI images were registered to the standard Montreal Neurological Institute space and were resampled to 3 mm × 3 mm; (5) We adopted the Gaussian kernel with full-width at half-maximum of eight mm to fulfill the spatial smoothing; and (6) The linear trend of the functional image data was removed. Finally, the normalized image data were subjected to bandpass filtering with frequency ranges of 0.01-0.08 Hz.

ALFF analyses

A fast Fourier transform can be used to obtain the frequency domain for the time series signal. Moreover, we adopted the average square root of the power spectrum to denote the ALFF value of a given voxel. Then, the intensity of spontaneous LFO can be measured by the ALFF. In the present study, the ALFF was performed by the REST software toolkit (Resting-State fMRI Data Analysis)[47] in two different frequency ranges (slow-5: 0.01-0.027 Hz, slow-4: 0.027-0.073 Hz) separately. The ALFF of the typical band (0.01-0.08 Hz) was also computed for comparative purposes.

Statistical analyses

To explore the changes in ALFF at different frequency bands before and after ECT, the effects of ECT treatment on MDD and frequency alterations were examined by REST[47]. Two-sample two-sided t-tests were adopted to assess the differences between the MDD group and the HC group. We applied paired t-tests to measure the ALFF alterations before and after ECT. The statistical maps were corrected by multiple comparisons with a significance level of P < 0.05 (bilateral) using AlphaSim as well as a height threshold of P < 0.01 and a minimum cluster size = 85. To find the difference between pre-ECT and post-ECT with the clinical measure, the significant alterations of ALFF values in the regions of interest (ROIs) in the brain were calculated. Moreover, the coordinates (x, y, and z) of the peak density of the ROIs were described in the ALFF map.

RESULTS

Clinical results

In the present study, twenty-two MDD patients (14 women, 8 men, right-handed, 34.4 ± 10.1 years old) were recruited from the Inpatient Department of Psychiatry at the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University. Among them, 21 patients took at least one antidepressant, and the remaining patients were receiving no medication. We adopted the 24-item HAMD to examine all MDD patients. The average score for the patients pre-ECT was 30.59 ± 4.35 (as seen in Table 1).

Table 1

Demographic data of the major depressive disorder patients and healthy controls

Characteristic	MDDs (n = 22)		HCs (n = 15)	P value
Sex (male/female)	8/14		5/10
Age (mean ± SD)	34.4 ± 10.1		36.1 ± 9.4	0.4951
Education years (mean ± SD)	11.61 ± 3.28		14.93 ± 3.64	0.0911
HAMD	Pre-ECT	30.59 ± 4.35	2.18 ± 1.32	< 0.0012
	Post-ECT	8.76 ± 5.58

Mann-whitney U nonparametric tests (criteria alpha = 0.05).

Paired t tests between pre- and post-electroconvulsive therapy major depressive disorder patients. MDDs: Major depressive disorder patients; HCs: Healthy controls; HAMD: Hamilton Rating Scale for Depressive; ECT: Electroconvulsive therapy.

After 8 ECT sessions, the depression symptoms improved greatly for all patients (t21 = 12.61, P < 0.0001; paired t test). According to the clinical results, the HAMD scores of all 22 patients before and after ECT decreased by more than 50%. The HAMD scores of 10 patients were lower than 7. Therefore, they were considered to be remitted.

ALFF results at the typical frequency band

Compared with HCs, pre-ECT MDD patients had significant alterations in ALFF values in some brain regions (as shown in Figure 1). The typical frequency band (0.01-0.08 Hz) is reported as follows. The ALFF values in the brain areas in pre-ECT patients were lower than those in HCs, which included the posterior lobe of the cerebellum, the cerebellar tonsil, inferior semilunar lobule, temporal lobe, inferior temporal gyrus, frontal lobe, superior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, limbic lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and inferior parietal lobule.

Figure 1

Brain regions with significant alterations in amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations in the typical band (0.01-0.08 Hz) between healthy controls and pre-electroconvulsive therapy patients. The red region indicates that the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations in pre-electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) patients was larger than that in healthy controls (HCs). In contrast, the blue region represents HCs that were larger than pre-ECT patients.

We used paired t-tests to identify differences, which are shown in Figure 2. Moreover, Table 2 shows the group differences in ALFF in the typical frequency band between before ECT and after ECT in patients with MDD. We found that the ALFF of the right middle frontal gyrus, posterior cingulate, right supramarginal gyrus, left superior frontal gyrus, and left angular gyrus increased significantly in MDD patients after ECT. However, that of the right superior temporal gyrus decreased significantly. In our study, Monte Carlo simulations were used to conduct the multiple comparison correction for all the statistical maps with a significance level of P < 0.05. The individual voxel P is lower than 0.05, and the cluster size is larger than 2079 mm3[48].

Figure 2

Brain regions with significant alterations in amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations in the typical band (0.01-0.08 Hz) for pre- and post-electroconvulsive therapy. The red region indicates that the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) in post-electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) patients was larger than that in pre-ECT patients. In contrast, the blue region represents areas for which the ALFF in pre-ECT patients was larger than that in post-ECT patients.

Table 2

Differences in amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (0.01-0.08 Hz) between groups before and after electroconvulsive therapy

Brain region	Side	BA	MNI coordinates			Voxels	t values
			x	y	z
Before ECT < after ECT
Middle frontal gyrus	R	10, 11	30	54	3	262	3.5547
Posterior cingulate	R and L	29, 30	-3	-45	9	92	4.0993
Supramarginal gyrus	R	7, 39, 40	51	-48	30	187	3.7424
Superior frontal gyrus	L	9, 10	-12	63	24	96	3.4006
Angular gyrus	L	39, 40	-42	-72	42	193	4.0957
Before ECT > after ECT
Superior temporal gyrus	R	13, 22, 47	54	-3	0	114	-3.1055

MNI: Montreal Neurological Institute; ECT: Electroconvulsive therapy.

Differential ALFF values at the slow-5 frequency band between pre-ECT and post-ECT

The post-ECT MDD patients, relative to the pre-ECT MDD patients, demonstrated significantly higher ALFF in the slow-5 band in the right limbic lobe, bilateral cerebellum posterior lobe, right middle orbitofrontal gyrus, and frontal lobe, whereas they had lower ALFF in the slow-5 band in the left sublobar region, right frontal lobe, and right angular gyrus, as shown in Figure 3 and Table 3.

Figure 3

Brain regions with significant alterations in amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations at slow-5 (0.01–0.027 Hz) for pre- and post-electroconvulsive therapy. The red region indicates that the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations in post-electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) patients was larger than that in pre-ECT patients. In contrast, the blue region represents pre-ECT patients that were larger than that in post-ECT patients.

Table 3

Brain regions showing significant differences in amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations at slow-5 (0.01-0.027 Hz) between groups before and after electroconvulsive therapy

Brain region	Side	BA	MNI coordinates			Voxels	t values
			x	y	z
Before ECT < after ECT
Limbic lobe	R	36	33	-21	-30	105	3.0807
Cerebellum posterior lobe	R and L	18	-12	-82	-27	116	3.4515
Frontal_Mid_Orb_R	R	11	45	48	-15	187	3.7424
Frontal lobe	R	22	48	18	36	147	3.3909
Frontal lobe	R and L	6, 8, 9, 10	-6	48	54	233	4.2748
Before ECT > after ECT
Sublobar	L	22	-42	3	3	111	-4.015
Angular gyrus	R	13	39	12	-3	124	-3.1741
Frontal lobe	R	24	12	-36	48	228	-3.7067

MNI: Montreal Neurological Institute; ECT: Electroconvulsive therapy.

We measured the ALFF of two frequency bands (slow-4 and slow-5) in the groups after and before ECT. Significant difference maps using paired t-tests are shown in Figures 3 and 4.

Figure 4

Brain regions with significant alterations in amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations at slow-4 (0.027-0.08 Hz) for pre- and post-electroconvulsive therapy. The red region indicates that the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations in post-electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) patients was larger than that in pre-ECT patients. In contrast, the blue region represents pre-ECT patients that were larger than that in post-ECT patients.

Differential ALFF values at the slow-4 frequency band between pre-ECT and post-ECT

Compared with the pre-ECT patients, the post-ECT patients showed significantly higher ALFF in the slow-4 band in the frontal lobe, superior frontal gyrus, bilateral parietal lobe, right inferior parietal lobule, and left angular gyrus (as shown in Figure 4 and Table 4).

Table 4

Brain regions showing significant differences in amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations at slow-4 (0.027-0.08 Hz) between groups before and after electroconvulsive therapy

Brain region	Side	BA	MNI coordinates			Voxels	t values
			x	y	z
Before ECT < after ECT
Frontal lobe, superior frontal gyrus	R and L	9, 10, 11, 47	51	45	-15	243	3.3179
Parietal lobe, inferior parietal lobule	R	39, 40	57	-60	21	131	2.8756
Parietal lobe, angular gyrus	L	39, 40, 19, 7	-45	-63	36	256	4.1322
Parietal lobe	R	7	15	-69	63	129	3.9572

MNI: Montreal Neurological Institute; ECT: Electroconvulsive therapy.

DISCUSSION

To improve MDD patients’ depressive symptoms, several treatments, including ECT and transcranial magnetic stimulation, can be applied[49]. There have also been some studies using resting-state fMRI to assess antidepressant treatment response[49]. Among these methods, ECT is an effective therapy for MDD patients. Abbott et al[21] investigated the differences between ECT remitters and nonremitters and suggested that thane increase in functional connectivity between p_DM network areas and the l_DLPFC is a potential biomarker of recovery from depressive disorder patients. Kong et al[34] used regional homogeneity and ALFF to measure changes in regional resting state function after ECT in elderly MDD patients. Their results demonstrated that ECT affected regional resting-state brain function in these patients. In this study, we investigated spontaneous neural activity changes in ALFF at different frequency bands (typical frequency, slow-5, and slow-4 bands) in patients with MDD before and after ECT. We found that post-ECT, compared to pre-ECT, patients showed significant alterations in ALFF within the frequency bands in some brain areas. Our findings further showed that the ALFF alterations in post-ECT patients were dependent on specific frequency bands.

Compared with HCs, MDD patients showed significant differences in ALFF with a frequency band of 0.01-0.08 Hz in numerous brain regions[50-53]. The present study also found that pre-ECT patients had lower ALFF values than HCs in widely distributed brain areas, including the cerebellum posterior lobe, cerebellar tonsil, inferior semilunar lobule, temporal lobe, inferior temporal gyrus, frontal lobe, superior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, limbic lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and inferior parietal lobule. In the comparison of ALFF in the typical frequency band in MDD patients before and after ECT, we found that the right middle frontal gyrus, posterior cingulate, right supramarginal gyrus, left superior frontal gyrus, and left angular gyrus increased significantly after ECT. However, the right superior temporal gyrus decreased significantly. The results were similar to those of previous studies[34,41].

Baria et al[54] found that the lower frequency bands had higher power. Thus, subcortical structures with higher frequency bands usually have less power. In contrast, the brain cortexes, including the prefrontal and parietal cortexes, exhibit higher power[55]. In addition, Zuo et al[32] and Han et al[56] demonstrated that the regions of the default mode network are more active in the slow-5 band, whereas the basal ganglia are dominant in the slow-4 band. In this study, compared to pre-ECT patients, significantly higher ALFF was found in the slow-5 band in post-ECT patients in the right limbic lobe, cerebellum posterior lobe, right middle orbitofrontal gyrus, and frontal lobe. The sublobar region, angular gyrus, and frontal lobe were lower. Significantly higher ALFF in the slow-4 band was also observed in the frontal lobe, superior frontal gyrus, parietal lobe, right inferior parietal lobule, and left angular gyrus.

Many abnormal regions associated with the frontal lobe in MDD have been observed in previous studies[57,58]. Recently, a multisite rs-fMRI study reported MDD patients with hypoactivity in the medial orbitofrontal region[59]. We found a significantly higher ALFF both at the slow-5 band and slow-4 band in the frontal lobe post-ECT. As a result, abnormal activities in these brain areas might be normalized after ECT treatment[60], which might have improved the symptoms of depression. This may be considered evidence of the effectiveness of ECT for MDD.

Alterations of the limbic lobe have important effects in MDD patients[12,61]. For example, the amygdala and hippocampus are usually thought of as potential biomarkers for major depression. Compared to HCs, MDD patients illustrated decreased ALFF values in the limbic regions[50,51]. Jiao et al[62] and Liu et al[63] also demonstrated that MDD patients had abnormalities in prefrontal-limbic emotional processing. The results of the present study were consistent with these conclusions. Moreover, post-ECT patients, relative to pre-ECT patients, showed increased ALFF in the slow-5 band in the limbic lobe. This feature may also indicate an effective response to ECT treatment.

Recently, more interest has been drawn to the pathophysiology of the cerebellum in MDD[62,64,65]. Previous studies reported decreased ALFF values in the cerebellum in MDD patients[66,67]. Moreover, Zhou et al[66] concluded that reduced activity in the cerebellum in MDD might be a biomarker for patients. In the current study, compared with pre-ECT patients, post-ECT patients exhibited a significant increase in ALFF in the slow-5 band in the cerebellum posterior lobe. Thus, the hypothesis of Zhou et al[66] was supported by our results.

Post-ECT patients had lower ALFF values than pre-ECT patients for the angular gyrus in the slow-5 band. In contrast, the ALFF value was significantly increased in the slow-4 band. This was an interesting finding in the current study. The angular gyrus might play an important role in many functions, such as memory retrieval, spatial cognition, and semantic processing[68]. Previous studies reported significantly increased spontaneous brain activity in the angular gyrus in MDD patients[69,70]. The alterations of ALFF in the angular gyrus at the slow-5 band in our findings can be viewed as consistent with these studies. Our study also demonstrated that the effectiveness of ECT treatment for MDD may be partly proven by significantly decreased ALFF in the slow-5 band.

Compared with HCs, decreased ALFF was exhibited in the parietal lobe in MDD patients[50,71]. In this study, the results of the comparison between HCs and pre-ECT patients were similar to this point. In addition, we found that ALFF increased significantly in the parietal lobe at the slow-4 band in post-ECT patients compared to pre-ECT patients. However, there was no difference in the slow-5 band.

There are some limitations of our study. First, the MDD patients were scanned only twice (before the first ECT session and after the eighth ECT session). To observe more alterations in spontaneous neural activity, more scans should be carried out during ECT treatment. Second, different MDD patients had divergent responses in speed and effectiveness in the practical clinic. Some unresponsive patients may receive more than eight ECT sessions[16]. For comparison, all patients were scanned after the eighth ECT session in this study. To find a more reliable relationship between ALFF and clinical symptoms, a more detailed longitudinal study should be performed pre- and post-ECT. Finally, the number of MDD patients and control subjects in the present study was relatively small. The multiple comparison tests failed due to the insufficient number of subjects. A larger sample would help us to achieve more robust results.

CONCLUSION

In this study, we explored changes in the intrinsic neural activity in MDD patients who underwent ECT procedures by calculating ALFF values for different bands (typical frequency, slow-5, and slow-4 bands). For post-ECT patients, relative to pre-ECT patients, significantly higher ALFF in the slow-5 band was observed in the right limbic lobe, cerebellum posterior lobe, right middle orbitofrontal gyrus, and frontal lobe. The ALFF of the left sublobar region, right angular gyrus, and right frontal lobe were lower. Significantly higher ALFF in the slow-4 band was also observed in the frontal lobe, superior frontal gyrus, parietal lobe, right inferior parietal lobule, and left angular gyrus. Our findings demonstrated that the ALFF alterations in post-ECT patients are dependent on specific frequency bands. These results may help us to understand more fully the potential therapeutic mechanisms of ECT for MDD patients. In future work, we will recruit more patients and health controls to participate this investigation. More scans will be carried out for participants to obtain more robust results. The changes in cognitive function will also be monitored.

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS

Research background

The mechanism of efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for major depressive disorder (MDD) is still unclear. Intrinsic functional activities of brain networks are correlated with different frequency bands.

Research motivation

The amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) at different frequency bands (slow-5 (0.01-0.027 Hz), slow-4 (0.027-0.08 Hz)) in MDD patients may be changed regularly before and after ECT.

Research objectives

To investigate the alterations of the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations in slow-5 (0.01-0.027 Hz) and slow-4 (0.027-0.08 Hz) in patients with MDD after ECT.

Research methods

Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and the intrinsic neural oscillations in different bands were adopted to analyze the changes in MDD patients before and after ECT.

Research results

Compared to before ECT, we found that MDD patients after ECT had a higher ALFF in the typical band in some regions such as the right middle frontal gyrus and posterior cingulate. Moreover, there were other changes in slow-5 band and slow-4 band.

Research conclusions

Our findings showed that the ALFF alterations in post-ECT patients were dependent on specific frequency bands.

Research perspectives

These changes may reveal some mechanism of efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy for major depressive disorder.