Turning flight of bats.

The turning flight of six microchiropteran bat species is described. The bats' abilities to turn tightly were determined by their abilities to fly slowly and to generate high lateral accelerations. Rhinolophus ferrumequinum developed high lateral accelerations by flapping its banked wings while flying at very low speed. Plecotus auritus turned at relatively low speed and at low lateral acceleration. The other species were all moving fast as they turned and generated lateral accelerations either by developing high bank angles or by flapping their wings with low bank angles. There was a significant correlation between wing loading and turning curvature, indicating that low wing loadings improve manoeuvrability.