Brain metastasis: Recent treatment modalities and future-perspectives.

With the advent of novel systemic therapies, such as molecular targeted therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors, the treatment of advanced-stage cancer is markedly transitioning. The treatment for brain metastasis is influenced by these new therapies. Moreover, the frequency of brain metastasis is associated with cancer genetics. Since conventional cytotoxic chemotherapeutic drugs cannot easily cross the brain-blood barrier, radiotherapy plays a major role in the management of brain metastasis. Whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) has been frequently used, especially for multiple metastatic brain tumors; however, late adverse effects on cognitive function are a significant clinical problem of WBRT in patients with an otherwise good prognosis and overall survival rate. Some novel systemic agents are effective against brain metastasis. Moreover, advances in radiotherapy technology have made it possible to deliver optimal radiation doses to patients with brain metastasis, with fewer adverse events. Brain metastasis has a significant impact on the quality of life of patients with advanced-stage cancer; therefore, its appropriate management is an important factor in the comprehensive treatment of cancer.