Evolution of animal and human brucellosis in Algeria: a mini narrative review.

Tawla n Malṭa d aṭṭan ittenṭaḍen ɣer umdan i d-xeddment tbaktiriyin n tewsit Brucella spp. D aṭṭan amaḍlan u tella deg tmura n wagrakal am Lezzayer anda mazal txeddem axessar deg lmal. Ad d-nawi dagi tasɣunt tamatut ɣef tawla n Malṭa di Lezzayer, anda i tt-id-ufan yakan ɣer umdan seg 1895 u deg wass-nni mazal-itt d ugur ameqqran i yimeẓla n tdawsa. Tella tezqaft deg tejṛutin n yimdanen deg temnaḍt ɣer tayeḍ, tamnaḍt yennul ugar d tamnaḍt uzawaɣ i yesɛan weḥd-s aktamur alemmas (tajṛut/100 000 imezdaɣ) n 65.87 teḍfer-itt-id s 9.89 deg temnaḍt Agafa-Asamar ɣef wakken i d-iwekked uɣlif n tdawsa. Aktamur n tejṛutin n tawla n Malṭa n yizgaren iɛedda s uḍfar deg 5% ar 0,76% deg tlemmast n yiseggasen n 90 d 2014 s usileɣ imfeccec anda seld ṣa yiseggasen n wahil n takza d usnefren akked ucraḍ s tgezzayt REV-1 i d-ihegga uɣlif n tdawsa mazal yegguma ad isenger aṭṭan-agi. Ilaq daɣen ad negzu dakken anerni n umḍan n tejṛutin timaynutin n yimdanen i ittujerden kifkif-it akked tejṛutin ɣer tɣeṭṭen i yellan d aɛwin n temsalmit meqqren i umdan di Lezzayer.

Tazwart

Tawla n Malṭa d aṭṭan ittenṭaḍen deg uɣersiw ar umdan [[1], [2], [3]], i d-txeddem tbaktirit i ittekkin ar tewsit n Brucella [2]; Brucella abortus akked Brucella melitensis d nutenti i d ssebba n waṭṭan ar yizgaren d umdan s uḍfar [4]. Ɣer izgaren, tettban-d ugar deg tdamsa [5] acku Brucella d nettat i d sebba n tɛiqert, d uɣray deg ukraḍyur aneggaru n tadist, d ɣelluy n tuẓẓga n uyefki akked tmezliwt tamarant i tazwara n yizgaren yesɛan tawla n Malṭa [2,[5], [6], [7], [8]]. Di telkamt, tawla n Malṭa tesɛa asemdu ɣef tnezzut tagraɣlant n yiɣersiwen d yifuras i d-ntekkes deg lmal [9]. Imi tneṭṭeḍ deg uɣersiw ar umdan s yiberdan yemgaraden am teqreɛtin n uzwu [8] akked usadur (tissit) n uyefki neɣ isuddimen-is [[10], [11], [12]]; Aṭṭan-agi izmer ad d-ixdem azeggal (tiɛiqert) akked temsalmit n texlifin ɣer umdan [[13], [14], [15]].

Di Lezzayer, tawla n Malṭa tuɣal d ugur n tdawsa tazayezt [16] anda tajṛut-ines tɛedda deg 0,36 ar 16,76 i 100000 n yimezdaɣ gar 1989 ar 2011 s uḍfar, u tennul 28 n imdanen deg useggas 2010 [17]. Ɣer yiɣersiwen, 3799 n yixefawen i tennul tawla n Malṭa (3592 n tɣeṭṭen akked 207 n wulli) i yettwajerden deg useggas 2006 anda 3796 i iruḥen ar tmezliwt [17]. Ɣer yizgaren, tilin deg sirum n yidammen n tqeḍɛiwin yesɛan tawla n Malṭa tewweḍ 26,3% [18]. Rnu ɣef waya, Brucella tettwakkes-d deg uyefki n tfunast [19]. Amḍan n tejṛutin timaynutin n yiɣersiwen d yimdanen kifkif-it, d ayen i d-ibegnen taseqqit n uɛwin n yiɣersiwen ɣef tdawsa tazayezt. Daɣen, tijṛutin timaynutin n yimdanen zemrent ad d-begnent addad neɣ timella n tidet n waṭṭan-a ɣer yiɣersiwen [17]. Rnu-yas daɣen, tawla n Malṭa tettkemmil txeddem ugur ameqqran i tdamsa n yifellaḥen, amedya d timezliwt n yixefawen i yesɛan aṭṭan-a u daɣen d ssebba n unṭaḍ ɣer yimdanen di Lezzayer. Amagrad-a ad d-isken addad n yimukan d tmussniwin ɣef tawla n Malṭa n yimdanen d yiɣersiwen di Lezzayer akken ad nri ad d-nbeggen u anegzu akken iwata timella n tura u ad nesleḍ imgan izemren ad snernin anṭaḍ n waṭṭan-a gar uɣersiw d umdan.

Tabadut, beṭṭu d umezruy n tawla n Malṭa

Tabadut

Tawla n Malṭa d aṭṭan ineṭṭḍen deg uɣersiw ar umdan i d-txeddem tbaktirit, tettuɛar i usejji, yettaḍen-itt umdan akked uɣersiw [20,21]. Aṭas n ccetlat n tbaktiriyin i tt-id-ixedmen, tid ittekkin ar tewsit n Brucella [22]. Tawla n Malṭa mazal-itt gar waṭṭanen ineṭḍen aṭas deg umaḍal [23]. D Lezzayer, d aṭṭan n tseɣrut tamarant aya d ayen ittujerden di tanaḍt U° 95-66 n 1995 [24]. Zik tamsalmit-a tesɛa ugar n yismawen: tawla n wagrakal, tawla n Malṭa, tawla n jibralṭar, akked tawla yettbeddilen, di taɣult tussnant, zik semman-as « Brusiluz, Brucellose » [4].

Amezruy d beṭṭu

Anmahal n teftakt deg tegrasnawit tageldant n tujjya deg Tgelda Idduklen, Jeffery Allen Marston, d netta i d amezwaru i d-yemmeslayen ɣef tawla n Malṭa » d tawla n uradus n wagrakal » deg 1981 deg udasil-ines deg tmurt n Malṭa [25 deg 26,27].

Deg useggas n 1884, ameftak lqebṭan David Bruce (1855–1931) (Tugna 1) yewweḍ ɣer tegzirt n Malṭa. Deg tegzirt-nni, Sir David Bruce yiglem-d aṭṭan ixeddmen tawla yessalayen lḥamu n imuḍan deg iḍ ɣer 41°C i d-yettṣubbun deg uzal. Tawla-agi tettɣimi aṭas n ledwar, tikwal d ayyuren, tikwal daɣen tneq imuḍan [29].

Tugna 1

David Bruce. D win i d-yufan Brucella melitensis (brucellose) [28].

Deg 1887, yella d lqebṭan u d amejjay ar yiserdasen n tgelda: Bruce ikkes-d tubbit n uksum deg uḍiḥan, tasa akked tgeẓẓal n yiserdasen igliziyen yuḍnen yemmuten yellan di Malṭa, yufa-d taɣawsa tamuddirt iwumi isemma « Micrococcus melitensis». Ikkes-itt-id deg uḍiḥan n semmus (5) n yiserdasen yemmuten s tawla n Malṭa, i tikelt tamenzut ibeggen-d anwa i d ssebba n waṭṭan-a, isyin akkin uɣalen semman-as « Brucella melitensis » ɣef yisem-is, yefka-yas isem-a Meyer akked Caw. Bruce iwala dakken « Micrococcus » yesɛa 3 μm di teɣzi, d ubrin ittak anzi ɣer tbaktiriyin n Gram ibaw. Iwakken ad d-yesbin akken d ssebba n temsalmit-a, Bruce yessenṭeḍ i yibkan s wayen d-ikkes deg yiserdasen yemmuten i d-isnerna deg tnaramt s uṛebbi. Ṣa (7) n yibkan uḍnen u ukuẓ (4) mmuten, kraḍ-nni yeqqimen ddren maca s tawla tikwal tettiǧhid tikwal tettenqas am tinna i walan ɣer yimdanen. Bruce seld mi d-ikkes tubbit deg uksum n yibkan yemmuten, yuɣal isenker-d deg tnaramt amikrukukus, aya yekkes-it-id deg igmanen-nsen [30 deg 26,27,29,31,32].

Deg 1895/1897, amejjay n yiɣersiwen n tmurt n Danmark Bernhard Lauritz Frederik Bang (Tugna 2) yekkes-d taɣawsa tamuddirt iwumi isemma Bacillus abortus, deg umgun, tarɣudin akked waman yellan sdaxel n tarɣudin mi ɣrint aṭas n tsita deg unṭaḍ n temsalmit [34 deg 27,35,36], Petṛuvič d Cvetnič, 2017 asaru n usarag: amaḍal d tussna n twennaḍt, tawla n Malṭa-izri, amha, imal 2017; 85: 012019. IOP asuffeɣ, [37]]. Deg 1897, Wright d Smith begnen-d dakken tawla n Malṭa d aṭṭan ineṭḍen imi i d-ufan untikuren (mgal tafekka) n Brucella melitensis deg useyyi n umenṭaḍ i d-iḍerrun deg yidammen n yimdanen akked yiɣersiwen [38 deg 27].

Tugna 2

Bernhard Lauritz Frederik Bang [33].

Ass n 23 ctember 1905, iruḥ uɣerrabu deg Malṭa ar Nyu Yurk yewwi 60 n tɣeṭṭen. Taqeḍɛiwt-nni erran-tt weḥd-s acku aṭas i yemmuten deg yinig. Iɣallen yeṭṭfen aɣerrabu, amasay n usikel i yellan d axeddam deg lbiru n temguri n iɣersiwen n tmurt n Marikan, akked yiwet n tmeṭṭut iswan ayefki n yiwet n taɣaṭ i d-irewlen deg uɣerrabu sbanen-d akk iskanen n tawla n wagrakal. David Bruce iwelleh iɣallen n laman di Marikan ɣef waṭṭan n wagrakal i zemrent ad awint tɣeṭṭen n tmurt n Malṭa. Deg yiwen useggas (1905), Themistocles Zammit, aɣerman n Malṭa u d aɛeggal n tesqamut tussnant n tawla n wagrakal anda Bruce yella d imḍebber-is, ufan-d dakken ssebba tamezwarut n waṭṭan-a d ayefki n taɣaṭ, deg useggas n 1906 zlan akk tiɣeṭṭen-nni i d-wwin deg tmurt n Malṭa [29,32].

Tawla n Malṭa d tamsalmit i yellan deg umaḍal akked yimenẓawen akk, ladɣa di tmura gar teftisin n yillel agrakal, deg tzunegzirt n Waɛraben, deg Marikan talemmast d ugafa, di tmurt n Miksik d Lhend. Aṭṭan-a yettnal di tuget timura tiẓawaliyin i mazal sɛant anegriref ar tura s lehlak-agi. Di tmura tinesbaɣurin aṭṭan-a yettwakkes ar yiɣersiwen [32,34,39,40 deg 27].

Brusiluz neɣ tawla n Malṭa n yimdanen d yiɣersiwen tettujerred seg zik di Tefriqt, asnagar n waṭṭan-a di tmura n Tefriqt Ugafa ur d-ittak ara tidet acku ulac tizrawin iṣeḥḥan u daɣen addad n waṭṭan ur xdimen ara aṭas fell-as tizrawin tussnanin [17]. Tawla n Malṭa ɣer yimdanen ufan-tt-id yakan i Lezzayer deg useggas n 1895 deg usaday Pasteur n Lezzayer [41]. Deg 1982, assaɣ n Ugraw n Tmura Idduklen di tgella akked tfellaḥt (FAO) ɣef tawla n Malṭa di tmura n usammer ibeggen-d dakken tilin n waṭṭan-a n tbaktirit Brucella melitensis ur tban ara nezzeh, di Lezzayer, Lmeṛṛuk d Libya, xas ulamma deg wakud ɣer wayeḍ ttilin-d yimeḍqan anda i yellla win i tt-yettaḍnen swa imdanen neɣ tiɣeṭṭen di tmurt n Tunes [42 deg Benhabiles d al., 1992 allal n temlilit tagraɣlant: aḥader seg tawla n Malṭa di tmura n wagrakal, 17].

Xas akka, tasusmi n waṭṭan ur teqqim ara aṭas tuɣal-d, deg uzgen n useggas n 1980 arma d aseggas n 1990, yettujerred dakken yennerna waṭṭan di tmura n Tefriqt Ugafa am Lezzayer [Benhabiles d al., 1992 allal n temlilit tagraɣlant: aḥader seg tawla n Malṭa di tmura n wagrakal], iɣallen yeṭṭfen tadawsa nebbhen-d ɣef waṭṭan i izemren yella ur s-faqen ara [17]. Aya nwala-t deg unfafad i yewwten tamdint n Tɣerdayt deg 1984, anda 600 n liḥalat i d-ufan, tamuɣli syin akkin twelleh ɣer waṭṭan-a. Seld Taɣerdayt, aṭṭan-a ufan-t-id i temnaḍin nniḍen, am temdint n Tlemsan (1986) akked temnaḍt n Ṣṭif (1989). Učči n ufermaj neɣ aguglu d netta i d ssebba tameqqrant n temsalmit-agi [Benhabiles d al., 1992 allal n temlilit tagraɣlant: aḥader seg tawla n Malṭa di tmura n wagrakal; [43 deg 41]. Tiffin n tawla n Malṭa n yizgaren deg yidammen di Lezzayer 1969-1976 tbeggen-d aktamur i yellan gar 12% [44]. Deg 1986-1989, amur n wulli akked tɣeṭṭen yesɛan tabaktirit neɣ sɛeddan aṭṭan-a yella s uḍfar di 2,18% ar 12,0%. Maca ilaq ad nẓer aktamur n tqeḍɛiwin n wulli akked tɣeṭṭen yesɛan tamsalmit-agi illa gar 43,5% ar 42% [41].

Tawla n Malṭa ɣer umdan tbeddu s temsalmit taruradt, tettbeddil, tezmer ad tuɣal d tin yezgan s waṭas n tmukrisin [22]. Ar umḍan, ugar n 500 000 n tejṛutin timaynutin yal aseggas u imeskaren zgan ttawin-ten-id, maca ayen illan di tidet n tejṛutin timaynutin illa ugar ɣef wayen nsell: tuget n tmura yennul waṭṭan-a d timura ur nesɛi ara ttawilat n usennefru u daɣen acḥal n limarat i tesɛa temsalmit n tawla n Malṭa, imi ttemcabin akk yiskanen-is ishel ad tɣelḍeḍ akked temsalmiyin ixeddmen tawla [22]. Tabaktirit-agi tezmer ad texdem tamsalmit n texlifin akked tɛiqert ar umdan [[13], [14], [15]]. Tamsalmit ɣer yizgaren tesɛa azal di tdamsa n tmetti meqqren [22]. Aṭṭan-a yettnal tanezzut n yiɣersiwen akked yifuras i d-yusan seg-sen [9], irennu yesseɣlay tuẓga n uyefki, timezliwt n yizgaren isɛan tabaktirit deg yidammen-nsen, tiɛiqert, aɣray deg ukraḍyur aneggaru n tadist [2,[5], [6], [7], [8]].

Tulmist n tbaktirit i d-ixeddmen aṭṭan-a

Tibaktiriyin n Brucella d tibelɣezfanin n Gram ibaw, asket-nsent 0,6–1,5 μm di teɣzi d 0,5–0,7 μm di tehri [45]. Taẓɣelt tamecṭuḥt n unerni d 34 °C. Aṛebbi n tbaktiriyin n Brucella yettili igerrez daxel n yinagrawen n uṛebbi s yidammen acku isenqas akud n tsuta n yimikruben-agi [46]. Brucella d tibaktiriyin yettidiren kan anda yella uzwu, kaṭalaz ilaw, Uksidaz ilaw [45]. Tuget n ccetlat i d-yettwakksen deg waṭṭanen n yimdanen xeddment-d Uriyaz. Ɣef tsedmirt tasnudrant d takrurant ur d-nettban ara akken iwata, tifin n tbaktiriyin-agi iwɛer s tarrayin ssexdamen yal ass. Yerna, aseqdec n wallalen n tifin n tawsit API-NE tikkwal isseɣlaḍ i tifin n Moraxella phenyl pyruvica [47]. Ajinum n ccetla B. Melitensis 16M, isɛa sin ikrumuzumen ubrinen n 1,15 ar 2,1 Mb [48]. Tuddsa-yagi nettaf-itt deg tuget n ccetlat, anagar tin n B. suis biovar 3 i yesɛan yiwen n ukrumuzum ubrin n 3,2 Mb [48].

Aɣbalu, iberdan n unṭaḍ d usenṭeḍ n waṭṭan

Tawla n Malṭa d aṭṭan n yiɣersiwen send ad yili d aṭṭan n lmal ttṛebbin (izgaren, ulli, tiɣeṭṭen) u d aɛwin n temsalmit ar umdan [45]. Iɣersiwen iweḥciyen tarandus, tizerzert mm tqacuct, aramul n umadaɣ, aramul n yideflawen ttilin d ssebba n waṭṭan deg kra n yimḍiqen deg umaḍal [49]. Kra n ccetlat n Brucella zemrent ad nnalent kra n yisuṭṭaḍ n yilel [50]. Tella tmuzzegt n inebgi i yal ccetla maca mačči d asaḍuf: B. melitensis tessenfufud ulli d tɣeṭṭen, B. abortus d nettat i yeqwan ar yizgaren, B. suis d imeẓli i yilfan. Iɣersiwen-a ttaḍnen aṭṭan yettuɣalen yezga s umata u ttḍeggiren-d tibaktiriyin i twennaḍt am umgun ma yeɣri-d, ayefki ar testan, ibeccan d leɣbar [51].

Amdan yettaṭṭaf-d tawla n Malṭa

Yezmer ad yili s ubrid arusrid deg uɛebbuḍ-is ma yečča tagella neɣ ifuras n uyefki (ayefki ur yepasturizin ara d yifuras i d-yekkan deg-s ma ur wwin ara), d tkerciwin ur newwi ara akken iwata neɣ asnuffes n uzwu akked takka yesɛan tibaktiriyin. Yezmer ad yili s ubrid usrid s uglim mi ara yennal imeḍqan am yisirew (amejjay n yiɣersiwen, afellaḥ, ixeddamen n yisezlayen, wid yeṭṭummun, …) n lmal yuḍnen, amgun mi ara teɣri tfunast, tarɣudin, aman i d-yettekken deg ddwaxel, tussut am uhicur i ttessun i lmal llant deg-s tbaktiriyin d ssebba n unṭaḍ. Anṭaḍ izmer daɣen ad yili s usnuffes neɣ deg wallen [51,52]. Amdan ur yessenṭaḍ ara i umdan. Asɛeddi n tbaktirit ar umdan d uktamur n temsalmit deg umaḍal qqnen ɣer tannumi di tgella, d wamek ttṛebbin lmal d tmella tadawsant deg umḍiq-nni [52]. Tamsalmit i d-ittekken deg iẓerman teqwa deg tmura anda apasturizi n uyefki ur yelli ara [50]. Di tmura-yagi anṭaḍ yettuɣal d tasakrart di temdinin anda ur myagaren ara lɣaci d yiɣersiwen yuḍnen [53]. Anṭaḍ deg tnarament n tesnudert (imesnuddiren, imazzagen n tnaremt) d ssebba tameqqrant n lehlak mi ara ttnalen tihras n Brucella (acku tihras n Brucella zemrent ad ddunt deg uzwu) neɣ mi ara ttnalen tagezzayt n yiɣersiwen ar yimejjayen yiɣersiwen d yifellaḥen [51].

Iskanen d tfidiwin ɣer umdan d uɣersiw

Tazwara n temsalmit ar umdan tezmer ad d-tbin s kra n iskanen ur ttwaɛqalen ara, izmer ad tɛeddi war ma ifaq-as. Tamsalmit tezmer ad teqqim d tasusamt kra n wayyuren, tikwal kra n yiseggasen, tettaki-d ma yella umdan yuḍen s waṭṭan nniḍen neɣ tenqes tezmert-is. Tiɣimit n tbaktirit deg tfekka deg tazwara n temsalmit tettɛeṭṭil gar kra n wussan d wayyur. Aṭṭan imir-nni ar umdan ittban-d s kra n yiskanen ur nettwaɛqal ara am tawla d tusut ittelḥaq arma d tamsalmit n texlafin, ad bezgent akk, d ubzag n yiwetman, abzag n wadif d yiẓuran deg uqerruy. Ma ur tdawa ara, tawla n Malṭa tettuɣal d aṭṭan yezgan anda txeddem abzag ladɣa deg texlifin [53,54].

Ar yiɣersiwen, aṭṭan di tuget ur yewɛir ara, aɣersiw yuḍnen yesbanay-d kan kra n yiskanen [Mtwi-Malamca, 2001. Agemmir. Ṭanzanya: Tasdawit Ṣukwin n Tfellaḥt; Tazrawt tussna n waṭṭanen n Tawla n Malṭa ɣer yimdanen d yiɣersiwen di Babati d temnaḍt n Hanang i Ṭanzanya akked James LW 2012. Agemmir. Ṭanzanya: Tasdawit Ṣukwin n Tfellaḥt; Tussna n waṭṭanen n yimdanen n tawla n Malṭa deg Usamar-Muṛuguru, Ṭanzanya]. Maca tesseɣray tistan, tettiwɛir tuṭṭfa deg ttemkina d tarrawt. Di tuget, iɣersiwen ḥellun, arnu tafunast yeɣrin tettuɣal tettarew, maca zemren ad ttḍeggiren tibaktiriyin [55]. Di ssebba n usruḥu adamsan meqqren (aɣray, ɣelluy n tuẓẓga n uyefki d yifuras-is) i yifellaḥen n testan tuẓẓga, n wulli, d tɣeṭṭen akked yilfan [56].

Timella d unerni n tawla n Malṭa ɣer yimdanen d yiɣersiwen di Lezzayer

NB: ɣef tejṛutin n yimdanen d tid yellan gar 2000 d 2015 [Buferkas d al., 2019. Asenfaṛ n taggara n tezrawin deg usuday n tujjya n yiɣersiwen di tesdawit n Blida, tazrawt tamaqqalt ɣef tawla n Malṭa n yimdanen di Lezzayer].

ɣef wayen i d-tenna tneɣlaft n tdawsa, n uɣref d tesmeskelt n ṣṣbiṭarat (TTUTṢ) [60], tajṛut talemmast (tajṛut/100 000 imezdaɣ) n tawla n Malṭa ɣer umdan tella gar 7.37 di temnaḍt Talemmast- Agafa, 9.89 deg Ugafa-Asamar, 4.67 Agafa-Amalu, 18.26 di tneẓruft akked 65.87 di temnaḍt n uzawaɣ [60 deg 61]. Timella n tawla n Malṭa tbeggen-d d akken amḍan n tejṛutin yeqwa deg temnaḍt n uzawaɣ mi ara nmuqqel ar temnaḍin nniḍen am temnaḍin yellan ɣef yiri n yilel (Tugna 3). Gar ṣa n lwilayat i ijeṛden ugar n 4000 n tejṛutin n tawla n Malṭa n yimdanen deg useggas n 2000 ar 2015: semmus llant deg temnaḍt n uzawaɣ, am Ǧelfa (14399 tejṛutin), Msila (10453 n tejṛutin), Tbessa (7659 n tejṛutin), Leɣwaṭ (7216 n tejṛutin) d Lbeyyeḍ (5122 n tejṛutin) akked snat n lwilayat Beccaṛ (4131 n tejṛutin) d Beskra (5498 n tejṛutin) [Asuday Aɣelnaw n Tdawsa Tazayezt deg Buferkas d al., 2019. Asenfar n taggara n tezrawt deg usuday n tussniwin n tujjya n iɣersiwen. Tasdawit n Blida; Tazrawt n ubgan n tawla n Malṭa n yimdanen i Lezzayer]. Amḍan-a meqqren deg temnaḍin n uzawaɣ ssebba-s yeqwa deg-sent uṛebbi n yiɣersiwen imecṭaḥ yettaran ifeẓ deg teɣzutin-agi [61]. Tamnaḍt n yignan unnigen n Lezzayer d yimeḍqan n tkessawt d wučči, imi kessen deg-s akka 16.8 yimelyan n yiḥuliyen d 1.6 n umelyun n tɣeṭṭen azal n 3 ar 4 wayyuren deg useggas (tafsut). Daɣen i temnaḍt-agi, azal n 7.5 yimelyan n yimdanen i izedɣen deg-s, gar-asen 10% d imgalaten [62 deg 63]. Tilin deg sirum n tawla n Malṭa n yimdanen i d-wwin deg temnaḍt n uzawaɣ (Lbeyyeḍ) (113 tejṛutin/100 000 yimezdaɣ) [64] tɛedda ugar ɣef wayen i d-iwwi Usuday aɣelnaw n tdawsa tazayezt deg 2009 ɣer uɣref amagnu (19,4 tejṛutin/100 000 yimezdaɣ) [65 in 63].

Tugna 3

Imeḍqan anda tella tawla n Malṭa n yimdanen d yiɣersiwen di Lezzayer 2000-2017 [57,58] Rezzag d Benmexluf, 2017, takatut n Majistiṛ di tesdawit n watmaten Menturi di Qessenṭina-asuday n tujjya n yiɣersiwen, abzar i tezrawt n usnagar d yimeḍqan anda ttilin waṭṭanen igejdanen n yizgaren i ilaq uberreḥ fell-asen di lwilaya n Suq Hras, 18 Sidhum-Reccidi d Neyyar, 2019 agemmir n duktura, tasdawit n Msetɣanem; tasestant ɣef tussna n waṭṭan n yimdanen d yiɣersiwen, n lwilaya n Msetɣanem, Mwataḥ d al., 2016. Asenfaṛ n taggara n tezrawt, asuday n tujjya n yiɣersiwen. Tasdawit n Blida; tilin deg sirum n tawla n Malṭa deg temnaḍt n Leɣwaṭ, Ǧelfa, Taɣerdayt, Lbeyyeḍ akked Wargla; Munǧi d Deḥmani, 2018. Asenfaṛ n taggara n tezrawt. Asuday n tujjya n yiɣersiwen. Tasdawit n Blida. Tasestant tamaqqalt ɣef tawla n Malṭa n yimdanen d iɣersiwen deg temnaḍt n Tubiret, [59], Remdani 2017. Takatut n Majistir. Aɣerbaz aɣelnaw unnig n tujjya n yiɣersiwen n Lezzayer; tawla n Malṭa deg tqeḍεiwin n twaculin deg temnaḍt n Lwad: tazrawt ɣef tussna n waṭṭan d usenṭeḍ, Aggad d al. 2004. Takatut n duktura. Tazeddayt n tussna, agezdu n tesnudert. Tasdawit n Wahran (Sanya); tasestant ɣef tussna n waṭṭan n Malṭa n yimdanen d yiɣersiwen di Lezzayer].(Md: amdan, Zg: Izgaren, Tɣ: Tiɣeṭṭen, Kr: Akraren, Lɣ: Alɣem).

B. melitensis biovar 3 d nettat i ixedmen tawaɣit deg tejṛutin n yimdanen deg tmura n wagrakal [9,17,61]. Deg temnaḍt n uzawaɣ, biovar 3 yettwakkes-d yakan deg temdint n Tyaret deg uyefki n tfunast akked idammen n umdan [18] u yella daɣen d ssebba tameqqrant n uɣray n tɣeṭṭen i d-txeddem tawla n Malṭa deg Batna d Ṣṭif [63]. Tazrawt tettwaxdem iwakken ad afen iẓuran n tbaktiriyin yellan di Tefriqt Ugafa n B. melitensis biovar 3 iwakken ad nadin ma yella wassaɣ d iẓuran n Tuṛupt. Tazrawt-a tbeggen-d dakken iẓuran n tbaktiriyin di Lezzayer d tid n Tuṛupt ttemyagarent (agraw n lezzayer yeqqen akked udugraw n Tuṛupt). Aya d inigi belli tella tbaktirit seg zik, d assaɣ daɣen yellan deg umezruy gar Lezzayer d Tuṛupt [17].

Anerni n tawla n Malṭa n yimdanen d yiɣersiwen di Lezzayer

Tawla n Malṭa n yimdanen

Di Lezzayer, tijṛutin n tawla n Malṭa tbeggen-d anerni, s tegnutin yellan gar 0,36 deg 1989 arma d 23–24,6 deg 2005–2007. Deg wakud n umrawseggas, tajṛut tennerna seg 15 ar 28 i 100 000 yimezdaɣ deg useggas n 2000 ar 2010 s uḍfar [17]. Anerni n wuṭṭun n tejṛutin timaynutin n yimdanen i yettujerden kifkif-itt ar winna nwala ar tɣeṭṭen (Tugna 4), tamuɣli-yagi teskan-d udem amihan n tidet n uɛwin yiɣersiwen, ladɣa tiɣeṭṭen, ɣef tdawsa tazayezt [61].

Tugna 4

anerni n tawla n Malṭa n yimdanen d yiɣersiwen di Lezzayer 2000-2018 [Buferka d al. Asenfaṛ n taggara n tezrawin, asuday n tujjya n yiɣersiwen, tasdawit n Blida, tazrawt tamaqqalt n tawla n Malṭa n yimdanen di Lezzayer akked Ammi d al.,2019. Asenfaṛ n taggara n tezrawin, asuday n tujjya n yiɣersiwen, tasdawit n Blida; tazrawt tamaqqalt n tawla n Malṭa n yizgaren d tɣeṭṭen di Lezzayer, [17]. Isefkan ulac-iten: Amdan (2001, 2002, 2013), Izgaren (2000-2008), Tɣeṭṭen (2005) akked Wakraren (2005).

Tawla n Malṭa n yizgaren

Asileɣ aẓayer adawsan n tawla n Malṭa n yiɣersiwen d ayen nwala seg wasmi xedmen ahil n usnefren n tawla n Malṭa anda aktamur iɛedda s uḍfar deg 5% ar 0,76% di tlemmast n yiseggasen 90 d 2014. Maca asileɣ-agi n takza d usnefren ixuṣ imi ur nnulen ara siwa 6% n tqeḍɛiwin n yizgaren di Lezzayer [66 deg 61] rnu aẓayer n wazal n 94% n usemday n yiɣersiwen yettarran ifeẓ ulac win I t-yeẓran, d aya i d ssebba n unṭaḍ i yiɣersiwen nniḍen akked umdan. Tirẓi n wahil-agi tesɛa aṭas n ssebbat, am temɣer n wakal n Lezzayer, nnexṣaṣ n ttawilat n umesni i terbaɛt n tujjya n lmal ixedmen asnefren i lmal deg tudrin akked teɣmar timḥiziyin d uktamur mecṭuḥen n umhis ur nɛedda ara 50% [61].

Tawla n Malṭa ɣer yiɣersiwen imecṭaḥ, ulli d tɣeṭṭen

S uɣrud n 31 483 680 n wulli d tɣeṭṭen, ttṛebga n iɣersiwen imecṭaḥ yettarran ifeẓ d agzum ameqqran n ufares. Ttṛebga n snat-agi n ccetlat ttwehin-tent i uksum d uyefki ladɣa i uguglu feta [61].

Tawla n Malṭa n wulli d tɣeṭṭen txeddem-itt-id Brucella melitensis, aṭṭan akk iweɛren ittenṭaḍen i yellan d amihi i tdawsa tazayezt. Aheggi n ttawilat n usefren, timezliwt d uqḍaɛ n waṭṭan-a d ayen i texdem tnebdalt n tujjya n lmal deg waṭas n tmura [61]. Ula di Lezzayer ahil am winna xedmen deg tmura nniḍen yebda seg 1995, maca yegguma ad isufeɣ tawla n Malṭa ar wulli d tɣeṭṭen, imi yal wa amek neɣ anda ittṛebbi lmal-is [61]. Deg useggas n 2002, seld ṣa yiseggasen segmi yella wahil asefren-timezliwt, aɣlif n tfellaḥt d unegmu afaran (ATUA) yexdem tasestant akken ad d-yaf acḥal n tejṛutin yellan s tawla n Malṭa ɣer wulli d tɣeṭṭen, agemmuḍ ibeggen-d dakken tijṛutin tiɣelnawin n tqeḍɛiwin 5,68 %, tijṛutin n tqeḍɛiwin iɛedda 10% deg temnaḍin n uzawaɣ [61]. Timella-yagi tesseḥrec awanek azzayri akken ad iheggi ahil n tecraḍ n wulli d tɣeṭṭen i temnaḍt n uzawaɣ s tgezzayt Rev-1, u ad ikemmel deg wahil n usefren-timezliwt deg temnaḍin nniḍen [66 deg 61].

Gar 2006 d 2013, ticraḍ tennul 67% n wakal aɣelnaw (32/48 n lwilayat) anda aɣrud n 21 036 314 n wulli d tɣeṭṭen ttwacerḍent. D ayen isneqsen ciṭ tajṛut n temsalmit-agi deg tqeḍɛiwin n wulli d tɣeṭṭen ar 3,33% deg 2014 [67,61]. Daɣen tazrawt [Kerǧaǧ d ben Mahdi, 2014. Isemduyen n Tawla n Malṭa Rev-1, n tecraḍ deg allen n wulli d tɣeṭṭen ɣef tawla n malṭa n yimdanen deg imḍiqen unnigen di Lezzayer. Anyir. Immunul. Agzul n usarag: agraw amenzu agraɣlan n tussna n tifekkemgalin d tussna n waṭṭan s tussna n tifekkemgalin taqeclawant] tesken-d ciṭ n usileɣ deg waddad adawsan ar snat n ccetlat-agi deg temnaḍin n uzawaɣ u aya seld ṭam yiseggasen mi yebda ucraḍ s Rev-1 deg 2006. Ahil n tecraḍ d uqḍaɛ i yettwaxedmen ibeggen-d dakken inqes waṭṭan-a, aya yewwi-it-id Gabli et al., 2015 [63] deg tezrawt i yexdem anda i d-isken tajṛut n 15,84% deg temnaḍin ur necriḍ ara [61].

Amgi n usenṭeḍ n tawla n Malṭa ɣer umdan d uɣersiw di tmurt n Lezzayer

Aflali n tawla n Malṭa ar yimdanen tbedd ɣef waṭas n ssebbat am tarrayt n ttṛebga, tezdeg n twennaḍt, tarrayt n usexdem n uyefki d tannumi di tgella: am tuččit n yifuras n uksum ur newwi ara akken iwata d tissit n uyefki ur nepasturizi ara [68]. Xas ulamma llant tuffɣiwin n usegzi d uḥader, tinnuma deg tgella mazal-itent, am yimeḍqan imagamen, anda imdanen zedɣen s wassaɣ akked yiɣersiwen [17]; tuget (89 %) n yimdanen i yuḍnen tawla n Malṭa swan ayefki ur newwi ara neɣ yifuras-is, i tuget deg tefsut imi d akud n tarrawt n tsita d tɣeṭṭen akked 5,4 % uḍnen aṭṭan-a mi ttarwen yiɣersiwen-agi [18]. Di Lezzayer, aḥric n tejṛutin, yellan 10%, d imsudar i yettaḍnen maca 20% n tejṛutin yekka-d deg waṭas n tɣawsiwin [69 deg 61].

Ɣef wakkeni d-tbeggen tdaddant n AATT (2009), aṭṭan-a nettmagar-it ugar ɣer irgazen wala tilawin, aya yezmer yeqqen ɣer twuri imi d irgazen i yeqwan deg taɣult n tdawsa. Maca anṭaḍ i d-yettasen deg tgella d tulawin iwumi yettenṭaḍ ɣef yirgazen. Aya nezmer ad t-id-nessegzi d akken d tulawin i yettnalen aṭas ifuras n tgella ɣef urgaz. Ma d ayen yeɛnan leɛmer, aṭṭan-a yettnal akk deg umecṭuḥ ar umeqran, maca d imengaḍen i yettnal nezzeh [69 deg 61].

Tamgalta d ubeddel n umḍiq n tnezduɣt d askar n tudert, imdanen ttbeddilen imukan n tqeḍɛiwin-nsen d yiman-nsen, daymi i yewɛer ad xedmen dinna ameẓlu n tdawsa, aya d ayen irennun i uflali d usenfufed n waṭṭanen ittezgaren deg uɣersiw ar umdan am tawla n Malṭa. Tijṛutin iǧehden ar uɣref amgalat nezmer ad tent-id-nessegzi seg yidles-nsen, tannumi d wansayen sɛan imi tessen ayefki ur newwi ara akked yifuras n uyefki. Tuččit n uksum ur newwi ara (tasa d uḍiḥan) d uttekki n twacult irkel di tmezliwt d ayen i ten-yettaǧǧan ttnalen aksum azegzaw (ur newwi ara) akken daɣen ttnalen idammen yesɛan tabaktirit n temsalmit-a aya ittekki deg unṭaḍ [63].

Taseqqit tadamsant n Tawla n Malṭa n yiɣersiwen d yemdanen di Lezzayer

Di Lezzayer, tawla n Malṭa tesɛa agutu azayez n 1 897 288 EUR [Akakpo d al., 2009. Taseqqit n tawla n Malṭa ɣef tdamsa akked tdawsa tazayezt di Tefriqt. Asarag OIE, 71-84], azal n usruḥu adamsan ines i yellan deg umrawseggas seg 2004 arma 2013 deg wahil n ubellen akked usefqed yewweḍ 2 imelyaren n dinaṛ [Benbetka Ṣara d Cebrek Wisam, 2015. Asenfaṛ n taggara n tezrawin-Agzul. Aɣerbaz aɣelnaw unnig n tujjya n yiɣersiwen- Lezzayer. Tazrawt ɣef wazal n tawla n Malṭa di Lezzayer]. Gar isemda igejdanen n waṭṭan-agi ɣef tqeḍɛiwin, asismel amnusruy ɣef wakken tella taẓayt-is yettwaxdem-d: aṣider n tuẓẓga n uyefki, anerni n wakud gar tarewt d tayeḍ, tiɣriwin, tamettant n yimecṭaḥ, izeggalen akked isemda nniḍen [Akakpo d al., 2009. Taseqqit n tawla n Malṭa ɣef tdamsa akked tdawsa tazayezt di Tefriqt. Asarag OIE, 71-84]. Ɣer wemdan, ssuma n usejji n yimuḍan yuḍnen tawla n Malṭa yewweḍ 650 EUR [Akakpo d al., 2009. Taseqqit n tawla n Malṭa ɣef tdamsa akked tdawsa tazayezt di Tefriqt. Asarag OIE, 71-84]. Deg tallit gar 2002 d 2013, azal n 80 imelyan n dinaṛ i tewweḍ tawla n malṭa n yimdanen [Benbetka Ṣara d Cebrek Wisam, 2015. Asenfaṛ n taggara n tezrawin-Agzul. Aɣerbaz aɣelnaw unnig n tujjya n yiɣersiwen- Lezzayer. Tazrawt ɣef wazal n tawla n Malṭa di Lezzayer].

Taggrayt d tmeẓri

Tawla n Malṭa mazal-itt d aṭṭan amaḍlan. Timukrisin yeqqnen d tamumt i umdan, u d ssebba n usruḥu meqqren i tdamsa am lmal. Di tesɣunt-agi, nwala dakken di Lezzayer anerni n waṭṭan ar umdan akked yiɣersiwen am tɣeṭṭen ur yerkid ara ladɣa deg 20 yiseggasen-agi ineggura. Deg yiseggasen i d-iteddun iwakken ad yader waṭṭan, ahil n tukksa n waṭṭan i yellan akka tura ilaq ad yennerni, u aya ibedd ɣef tifin akked usnefren n tqeḍɛiwt taɣelnawt n yiɣersiwen. Akked tseɣrut n tejṛutin tufririn n yimdanen d lmal, asennefru di tazwara, xas ulamma yewɛer imi iskanen-is mgaraden, n tmellilt n wallalen n usennefru am wid n tnaramt, aderreɛ n wahil « asnefren-timezliwt » ara yennalen ugar iɣersiwen d unerni n uktamur n uɣram i yifellaḥen. Daɣen, ilaq tisestanin deg unnar iwakken ad d-afen agerrum i ixedmen aṭṭan-a iwakken tagezzayt swayes ara cerḍen ad tili d tin iwulmen u d tin ara sxedmen i tqeḍɛiwt taɣelnawt akk. Asizzel iwakken ad rren di ddehn n yimdanen s usegzi n umihi n kra n tillalin sexdamen yal ass am tissit n uyefki ur newwi ara akked yifuras-is ilaq ad yili.

Aṭṭan-agi ittenṭaḍen deg lmal ar umdan ad yeqqim ma yella uɛwin n yiɣersiwen ur yettusenqed ara. Aḍḍaf akked uḥader ɣef tawla n Malṭa n yimdanen yeqqen ɣer usenqed d uḥader ɣef tawla n Malṭa ɣer yiɣersiwen, i yellan d aɛwin n Brucella spp.

Ɣef tedrimt

Ulac win d-yefkan tadrimt iwakken ad nexdem tazrawt-a.

Tiwsi n yimeskaren

F.T. akked Ɣ.G. uran aḍris agejdan n warusfus. F.T. ixdem-d tasnarrayt u yerra-d tugniwin. K. Σ. yura-d u isuqqel-d ɣer tmaziɣt. Yakk imeskaren ɣran arusfus-agi.

Ṭṭrad ɣef urusfus-agi

Imeskaren nnan-d dakken ulac amennuɣ gar-asen.

Asnemmer

Nukni, imeskaren n tesɣunt-agi, ad nesnemmer amaru Mass Ḥusin Luni ɣef useɣti n tuccḍiwin d tɣuri n ulqem n taggara n umagrad-agi.