André Gismonti Garcia1,2, Renato Andrade2,3,4, José Afonso5, José Luíz Runco6, Antonio Maestro7, João Espregueira-Mendes2,3,8,9,10. 1. Casa de Saúde São José, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 2. Clínica Espregueira - FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Porto, Portugal. 3. Dom Henrique Research Centre, Porto, Portugal. 4. Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. 5. Centre of Research, Education Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal. 6. Hospital Samaritano Barra, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 7. Instituto Asturiano de Traumatologia Real Sporting de Gijon, Gijon, Spain. 8. School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal. 9. ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal. 10. 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.
Abstract
Background: Hamstrings injuries are a major concern in football (soccer), affecting both recreational players and professional athletes. Although being a recognized issue within the football community, its incidence has been increasing over the last years and still poses a challenge to all practitioners involved. Study objectives and rationale: The goal of this narrative review is to outline hamstrings injuries epidemiology and mechanisms of injury, identify and discuss its risk factors, provide an approach to a proper early diagnosis, evaluate the efficacy of current treatment options and return to sports, and present the best strategies for hamstrings injury prevention. These guidelines will help the sports medicine staff team on how to better manage their players with or at risk of hamstrings injuries. Conclusion: Despite several breakthroughs in research of hamstrings injuries, there is still heterogeneity across studies and lack of consensus in regards to classification, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Hamstrings injuries compromise the athlete's performance with time loss due to injury, shortens their highest-level career longevity with higher risk of reinjury rates, and is a defying problem for clubs to balance financial losses due to having their players off the pitch. Further research is warranted to keep moving forward with evidence on treating and preventing hamstrings injuries to mitigate its high incidence and keep the players safe.
Background: Hamstrings injuries are a major concern in football (soccer), affecting both recreational players and professional athletes. Although being a recognized issue within the football community, its incidence has been increasing over the last years and still poses a challenge to all practitioners involved. Study objectives and rationale: The goal of this narrative review is to outline hamstrings injuries epidemiology and mechanisms of injury, identify and discuss its risk factors, provide an approach to a proper early diagnosis, evaluate the efficacy of current treatment options and return to sports, and present the best strategies for hamstrings injury prevention. These guidelines will help the sports medicine staff team on how to better manage their players with or at risk of hamstrings injuries. Conclusion: Despite several breakthroughs in research of hamstrings injuries, there is still heterogeneity across studies and lack of consensus in regards to classification, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Hamstrings injuries compromise the athlete's performance with time loss due to injury, shortens their highest-level career longevity with higher risk of reinjury rates, and is a defying problem for clubs to balance financial losses due to having their players off the pitch. Further research is warranted to keep moving forward with evidence on treating and preventing hamstrings injuries to mitigate its high incidence and keep the players safe.
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