Taylor M Etzel1, Joseph M Braun2, Jordan R Kuiper3, Antonia M Calafat4, Kim M Cecil5, Aimin Chen6, Bruce P Lanphear7, Kimberly Yolton8, Heidi J Kalkwarf9, Jessie P Buckley10. 1. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. Electronic address: Tetzel2@jh.edu. 2. Brown University, 121 S. Main St, Providence, RI, 02903, USA. Electronic address: joseph_braun_1@brown.edu. 3. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. Electronic address: jkuiper1@jhmi.edu. 4. Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, NE Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA. Electronic address: aic7@cdc.gov. 5. Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA. Electronic address: kim.cecil@cchmc.org. 6. University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. Electronic address: Aimin.Chen@pennmedicine.upenn.edu. 7. Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada. Electronic address: bruce_lanphear@sfu.ca. 8. Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA. Electronic address: Kimberly.Yolton@cchmc.org. 9. Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA. Electronic address: Heidi.Kalkwarf@cchmc.org. 10. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. Electronic address: jbuckl19@jhu.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Early life phthalate exposures may disrupt metabolism but results from human studies are inconsistent and few have examined body composition during adolescence. We investigated associations of gestational and childhood urinary phthalate biomarker concentrations with body composition at age 12 years. METHODS: We used data from 206 mother-child pairs in a prospective pregnancy and birth cohort enrolled in Cincinnati, OH from 2003 to 2006. We measured nine phthalate metabolites in spot urine samples collected twice from mothers during pregnancy and up to seven times from children at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, and 12 years. At age 12 years, we assessed fat and lean mass of the whole body and android and gynoid subregions, and visceral fat area with dual x-ray absorptiometry, and calculated android to gynoid %fat ratio and age- and sex-standardized fat and lean mass index z-scores. Using a multiple informant model, we estimated covariate-adjusted associations between urinary phthalate biomarker concentrations at each time period and outcomes at age 12 years. We assessed effect measure modification by child sex using stratified models. RESULTS: Generally, urinary mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) concentrations were modestly associated with lower fat and lean mass. Each 10-fold increase in urinary MBzP concentrations during gestation and at ages 5 and 8 years was associated with a -0.34 (95%CI: -0.72, 0.05), -0.44 (95% CI: -0.83, -0.05), and -0.35 (95% CI: -0.71, 0.00) z-score difference in lean body mass index, respectively. Urinary monoethyl phthalate, mono-(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate, and summed di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites were associated with greater lean mass at some exposure periods. Slightly weaker but similar patterns of association were found with other body composition measures; associations did not differ by child sex. CONCLUSION: While most associations were weak, exposure to certain phthalates during gestation and childhood may be associated with adolescent body composition, particularly lean mass.
BACKGROUND: Early life phthalate exposures may disrupt metabolism but results from human studies are inconsistent and few have examined body composition during adolescence. We investigated associations of gestational and childhood urinary phthalate biomarker concentrations with body composition at age 12 years. METHODS: We used data from 206 mother-child pairs in a prospective pregnancy and birth cohort enrolled in Cincinnati, OH from 2003 to 2006. We measured nine phthalate metabolites in spot urine samples collected twice from mothers during pregnancy and up to seven times from children at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, and 12 years. At age 12 years, we assessed fat and lean mass of the whole body and android and gynoid subregions, and visceral fat area with dual x-ray absorptiometry, and calculated android to gynoid %fat ratio and age- and sex-standardized fat and lean mass index z-scores. Using a multiple informant model, we estimated covariate-adjusted associations between urinary phthalate biomarker concentrations at each time period and outcomes at age 12 years. We assessed effect measure modification by child sex using stratified models. RESULTS: Generally, urinary mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) concentrations were modestly associated with lower fat and lean mass. Each 10-fold increase in urinary MBzP concentrations during gestation and at ages 5 and 8 years was associated with a -0.34 (95%CI: -0.72, 0.05), -0.44 (95% CI: -0.83, -0.05), and -0.35 (95% CI: -0.71, 0.00) z-score difference in lean body mass index, respectively. Urinary monoethyl phthalate, mono-(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate, and summed di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites were associated with greater lean mass at some exposure periods. Slightly weaker but similar patterns of association were found with other body composition measures; associations did not differ by child sex. CONCLUSION: While most associations were weak, exposure to certain phthalates during gestation and childhood may be associated with adolescent body composition, particularly lean mass.
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