| Literature DB >> 35431359 |
Abstract
gastroschisis is a congenital structural defect of the abdominal wall, most often to the right of the umbilicus, through which the abdominal viscera protrude. Its developmental, etiological and epidemiological aspects have been a hot topic of controversy for a long time. However, recent findings suggest the involving of genetic and chromosomal alterations and the existence of a stress-inducing pathogenetic pathway, in which risk factors such as demographic and environmental ones can converge. To expand the frontier of knowledge about a malformation that has showed a growing global prevalence, we have conducted a review of the medical literature that gathers information on the embryonic development of the ventral body wall, the primitive intestine, and the ring-umbilical cord complex, as well as on the theories about its origin, pathogenesis and recent epidemiological evidence, for which we consulted bibliographic databases and standard search engines.Entities:
Keywords: Gastroschisis; Hernia umbilical; Vitelline duct; abdominal abnormalities; ectopia cordis; genetic predisposition to disease
Mesh:
Year: 2021 PMID: 35431359 PMCID: PMC8973314 DOI: 10.25100/cm.v52i3.4227
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Colomb Med (Cali) ISSN: 0120-8322
Figure 1Embryonic development during the third and fourth weeks. Cross-sections. A. Towards the end of the third week of development, the lateral plate of the mesoderm bifurcates into two leaves: one underlying the non-neural ectoderm and the other around the endoderm that lines the yolk sac. B. The space delimited by the two leaves derived from the lateral plate of the mesoderm gives rise to the intraembryonic coelom. At this time, beginning of the fourth week of development, it is possible to observe the two lateral body folds, each constituted by the somatic sheet of the lateral mesoderm and by non-neural ectoderm. C. The growth of the two lateral body folds and their displacement in a ventral direction causes them to approach the midline by the middle of the fourth week. D. At the end of the fourth week, the two folds fuse and form the ventrolateral body wall. As a result of the folding, the yolk sac enters the body cavity of the embryo and gives rise to the primitive intestine.
Summary of the most relevant hypotheses about the origin of gastroschisis. The data is displayed chronologically
| Author | Hypothesis |
|---|---|
| Duhamel | Altered differentiation in somatopleural mesenchyme and subsequent defective growth of the lateral abdominal wall and intestinal herniation, caused by teratogenic exposure at week 4 |
| Shaw | Rupture of the amnion at the base of the umbilical cord during the period of physiological herniation (weeks 6-10); or delayed closure of the umbilical ring |
| De Vries | Abnormal differentiation of the mesenchyme of the umbilical region and subsequent rupture of the adjacent body wall, caused by abnormal involution of the right umbilical vein |
| Hoyme | Infarction and subsequent necrosis at the base of the umbilical cord, after disruptive changes in the right vitelline artery |
| Kluth and Lambrecht | Altered development of the umbilical cord, which causes the appearance of a small omphalocele and its subsequent rupture |
| Feldkamp | Defect resulting from abnormal folding of the ventral body wall, which allows extrusion of the intestine |
| Stevenson | Failure to incorporate the yolk sac and its vessels into the umbilical cord so that they are included within a second hole, outside the area of closure of the abdominal wall |
| Rittler | Defective umbilical ring, through the margin of which evisceration of the abdominal organs occurs, probably due to a deficiency in the deposition of cells at the site of transition between the amnion and the abdominal wall |
| Lubinsky | Thrombotic event adjacent to the umbilical ring, located in the space generated by the atresia of the right umbilical vein |
| Bargy and Beaudoin | Rupture of the amnion due to teratogens, located at the level of the flaccid part of the umbilical cord, during the period of physiological umbilical hernia |
| Beaudoin | Rupture of the amnion of multifactorial origin, which likely occurs at week 8 |
|
| Midline defect involving the canal and umbilical ring, with an absence of closure or rupture of the amnion that covers the area between the cord and the edge of the ring |
Figura 1Desarrollo embrionario durante la tercera y la cuarta semanas. Secciones transversales. A. Hacia el final de la tercera semana de desarrollo, la placa lateral del mesodermo se bifurca en dos hojas: una, subyacente al ectodermo no neural y la otra, alrededor del endodermo que reviste al saco vitelino. B. El espacio delimitado por las dos hojas derivadas de la placa lateral del mesodermo da origen al celoma intraembrionario. En este momento, inicio de la cuarta semana de desarrollo, es posible observar los dos pliegues corporales laterales, cada uno de los cuales está constituido por la hoja somática del mesodermo lateral y por ectodermo no neural. C. El crecimiento de los dos pliegues corporales laterales y su desplazamiento en dirección ventral hacen que, a mediados de la cuarta semana, se aproximen hacia la línea media. D. Al final de la cuarta semana, los dos pliegues se fusionan y forman la pared corporal ventrolateral. Como resultado del plegamiento, el saco vitelino se introduce dentro de la cavidad corporal del embrión y da origen al intestino primitivo
Resumen de las hipótesis más relevantes sobre el origen de la gastrosquisis. Los datos son mostrados cronológicamente
| Autor | Hipótesis |
|---|---|
| Duhamel | Diferenciación alterada en el mesénquima somatopleural y subsiguiente crecimiento defectuoso de la pared abdominal lateral y herniación intestinal, causada por exposición teratogénica en la semana 4 |
| Shaw | Ruptura del amnios en la base del cordón umbilical durante el periodo de herniación fisiológica (semanas 6-10) o retraso en el cierre del anillo umbilical |
| De Vries | Diferenciación anómala del mesénquima de la región umbilical y subsiguiente ruptura de la pared corporal adyacente, causada por involución anormal de la vena umbilical derecha |
| Hoyme | Infarto y posterior necrosis en la base del cordón umbilical, posteriores a cambios disruptivos en la arteria vitelina derecha |
| Kluth y Lambrecht | Desarrollo alterado del cordón umbilical, lo que provoca la aparición de un onfalocele de un tamaño pequeño y su posterior ruptura |
| Feldkamp | Defecto resultante de un plegamiento anormal de la pared corporal ventral, que permite la extrusión del intestino |
| Stevenson | Falla en la incorporación del saco vitelino y sus vasos al cordón umbilical, de modo que quedan incluidos dentro de un segundo orificio, por fuera del área de cierre de la pared abdominal |
| Rittler | Anillo umbilical defectuoso, a través de cuyo margen ocurre la evisceración de los órganos abdominales, probablemente debido a deficiencia en el depósito de células en el sitio de transición entre el amnios y la pared abdominal |
| Lubinsky | Evento trombótico adyacente al anillo umbilical, localizado en el espacio generado por la atresia de la vena umbilical derecha |
| Bargy y Beaudoin | Ruptura del amnios debida a teratógenos, localizada a nivel de la parte flácida del cordón umbilical, durante el período de la hernia umbilical fisiológica |
| Beaudoin | Ruptura del amnios de origen multifactorial, de ocurrencia probable en la semana 8 |
| Opitz | Defecto de la línea media que compromete al canal y al anillo umbilical, con ausencia de cierre o con ruptura del amnios que cubre el área entre el cordón y el borde del anillo |
| 1) What is the reason for this study? |
| There are several hypotheses about the etiology of gastroschisis, without a consensus having been reached to date. In addition, the prevalence of this congenital abnormality has shown in recent decades a worrying increase in most of the countries where it has been studied. |
| 2) What are the most important results of the study? |
| Unlike previous research that has addressed the great diversity of risk factors involved in the etiology of gastroschisis individually, this manuscript collects evidence that supports the existence of a pathogenic pathway shared by these risk factors and possibly related to induction of stress response. |
| 3) What do these results provide? |
| We report recent information about the pathogenesis of gastroschisis that includes both genetic and non-genetic factors, in addition to the traditionally accepted theories. This contribution is significant because it presents new criteria for the medical approach to such entity. |
| 1) ¿Por qué se realizó este estudio? |
| Existen diversas hipótesis acerca de la etiología de la gastrosquisis, sin que hasta la fecha se haya llegado a un consenso. En adición, la prevalencia de la esta anormalidad congénita ha mostrado en las últimas décadas un preocupante aumento en la mayoría de los países donde ha sido estudiada. |
| 2) ¿Cuáles fueron los resultados más relevantes del estudio? |
| A diferencia de investigaciones anteriores que han abordado la gran diversidad de factores de riesgo implicados en la etiología de la gastrosquisis de forma individual, este manuscrito recoge evidencias que sugieren la existencia de una única vía patogénica compartida por estos factores de riesgo y posiblemente relacionada con la inducción de respuesta al estrés. |
| 3) ¿Qué aportan estos resultados? |
| Reportamos información reciente sobre la patogénesis de la gastrosquisis, la cual incluye factores genéticos y no genéticos, además de las teorías tradicionalmente aceptadas. Esta contribución es significativa porque presenta nuevos criterios para el abordaje médico de dicha entidad. |