Renal Sensing of Bacterial Metabolites in the Gut-kidney Axis.

Seminal works have now revealed the gut microbiota is connected with several diseases, including renal disorders. The balance between optimal and dysregulated host-microbiota interactions has completely changed our understanding of immunity and inflammation. Kidney injury is associated with accumulation of uremic toxins in the intestine, augmented intestinal permeability, and systemic inflammation. Intestinal bacteria can signal through innate receptors and induce immune cell activation in the lamina propria and release of inflammatory mediators into the bloodstream. But the gut microbiota can also modulate immune functions through soluble products as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). The three most common SCFAs are propionate, butyrate, and acetate, which can signal through specific G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), such as GPR43, GPR41, and GPR109a, expressed on the surface of epithelial, myeloid, endothelial, and immune cells, among others. The triggered signaling can change cell metabolism, immune cell activation, and cell death. In this study, we reviewed the gut-kidney axis, how kidney cells can sense SCFAs, and its implication in kidney diseases.