| Literature DB >> 35362681 |
Huijing Sun1, Peiwen Li1, Beibei Zhang1, Huiming Chen2.
Abstract
Antibiotics are emerging contaminants that have recently attracted attention. They have been detected in natural water and pose health concerns owing to potential antibiotic resistance. Antibiotics are ubiquitous in aquatic environments, with a wide spectrum and trace levels. It is difficult to detect all types of antibiotics with completely different physicochemical properties. Solid phase extraction (SPE) is a common sample preparation procedure. For a fast and high-throughput continuous on-line analysis of these emerging contaminants, a method for the determination of 42 antibiotics (grouped into seven categories: sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones, lincosamides, macrolides, tetracyclines, cephalosporins, and chloramphenicols) in environmental water was developed based on ultra high performance liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) involving large volume direct injection without sample enrichment and cleanup. The collected water samples were filtered through a 0.22-μm filter membrane, their pH levels were adjusted to 6.0-8.0 after adding Na2EDTA, and then the solutions were mixed with an internal standard. The addition of Na2EDTA contributed to the release of tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones from the metal chelate. Improved recoveries were observed for all the compounds when the pH of the aqueous solution was set at 6.0-8.0. The optimized UHPLC conditions were as follows: chromatographic column, Phenomenex Kinetex C18 column (50 mm×30 mm, 2.6 μm); mobile phase, acetonitrile and 0.1% (v/v) formic acid aqueous solution; flow rate, 0.4 mL/min; injection volume, 100 μL. In the UHPLC-MS/MS experiment, chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol, and florfenicol were analyzed in the negative ionization scheduled multiple reaction monitoring mode (scheduled-MRM), while the other 39 antibiotics were analyzed in the positive scheduled-MRM mode. This acquisition method improved the response of each target compound by dividing the time of the analysis test cycle and scanning the ion channels of chromatographic peaks at different time periods. The ionspray voltage was set at 5500 and -4500 V in positive and negative modes, respectively. The source temperature for both ionization modes was set at 500 ℃, which was optimized to improve the sensitivity. Instrumental parameters like collision energy and declustering potential were also optimized. Good linearity was observed for all the tested antibiotics, with a correlation coefficient (r) greater than 0.995. The method detection limits (MDLs) were 0.015-3.561 ng/L. The average recoveries ranged from 80.1% to 125%, while the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were between 0.8% and 12.2%. The method was successfully applied to the determination of 10 source water samples and 5 tap water samples. Twelve antibiotics, viz. sulfachloropyridazine, sulfadiazine, sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfisomidine, clindamycin, lincomycin, roxithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin, thiamphenicol, and forfenicol, were detected in the 10 water samples with a detection frequency of 100%. The total antibiotic content in each sample ranged from not detected to 80.3 ng/L. Lincosamides and chloramphenicols were the predominant antibiotics in the water samples, with contents in the ranges of 3.83-13.7 and 4.23-33.6 ng/L, respectively. Therefore, the large volume direct injection method exhibited good performance in terms of MDL and recovery compared to standard methods and those reported previously. Compared with traditional pretreatment methods, the large volume direct injection method is simpler, more rapid, more precise, and more accurate. It is a viable alternative to SPE, and can be used for the determination of the 42 antibiotics at trace levels in cleaner water bodies, such as surface water, groundwater, and tap water.Entities:
Keywords: antibiotics; large volume direct injection; ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS); water body
Mesh:
Substances:
Year: 2022 PMID: 35362681 PMCID: PMC9404143 DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2021.08010
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Se Pu ISSN: 1000-8713
42种抗生素的质谱参数
| Compound | tR/min | Precursor | Product | Declustering | Collison | IS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulfonamides (SAs) | ||||||
| Sulfachloropyridazine (SCP) | 5.2 | 285.1 | 156.1* | 21 | 20.3 | SMR-D4 |
| 92.0 | 21 | 39.2 | ||||
| Sulfadiazine (SDZ) | 3.1 | 251.1 | 156.0* | 40 | 22.0 | |
| 92.0 | 40 | 32.1 | ||||
| Sulfadimethoxine (SDM) | 6.3 | 311.1 | 156.1* | 120 | 28.0 | |
| 108.2 | 140 | 47.0 | ||||
| Sulfamerazine (SMR) | 4.0 | 265.2 | 172.1* | 70 | 23.0 | |
| 156.1 | 70 | 23.0 | ||||
| Sulfamethazine (SMZ) | 4.6 | 279.2 | 186.1* | 45 | 24.0 | |
| 124.2 | 45 | 33.0 | ||||
| Sulfamethizole (SMTZ) | 4.6 | 271.0 | 156.2* | 30 | 19.3 | |
| 108.0 | 30 | 35.0 | ||||
| Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) | 5.5 | 254.0 | 156.1* | 49 | 23.0 | |
| 108.0 | 49 | 31.0 | ||||
| Sulfathiazole (STZ) | 3.7 | 256.1 | 156.1* | 38 | 21.0 | |
| 108.1 | 38 | 31.0 | ||||
| Sulfapyridine (SPD) | 3.8 | 250.3 | 184.3* | 60 | 25.0 | |
| 156.1 | 60 | 23.0 | ||||
| Sulfisomidine (SM2) | 3.0 | 279.2 | 186.1* | 70 | 23.0 | |
| 124.4 | 70 | 30.0 | ||||
| Sulfisoxazole (SIA) | 5.7 | 268.2 | 156.0* | 60 | 20.0 | |
| 113.3 | 60 | 19.0 | ||||
| Sulfameter (SMT) | 4.7 | 281.2 | 215.3* | 60 | 25.0 | |
| 156.0 | 60 | 25.0 | ||||
| Sulfamonomethoxine (SMM) | 5.1 | 281.1 | 156.1* | 100 | 25.0 | |
| 215.1 | 100 | 25.0 | ||||
| Sulfachloropyrazine (SPZ) | 6.1 | 285.2 | 156.1* | 120 | 22.0 | |
| 92.1 | 120 | 37.0 | ||||
| Sulfaquinoxaline (SQ) | 6.3 | 301.1 | 156.0* | 120 | 22.0 | |
| 92.2 | 120 | 40.0 | ||||
| Lincosamides (LINs) | ||||||
| Clindamycin (CLIN) | 5.6 | 425.3 | 377.2* | 80 | 27.0 | CLIN-D3 |
| 126.2 | 80 | 34.0 | ||||
| Lincomycin (LCM) | 3.9 | 407.2 | 126.2* | 120 | 35.0 | |
| 359.2 | 120 | 25.0 | ||||
| Tetracyclines (TCs) | ||||||
| Oxytetracycline (OTC) | 4.4 | 461.3 | 443.2* | 100 | 19.0 | TC-D6 |
| 426.2 | 100 | 27.0 | ||||
| Chlortetracycline (CTC) | 5.2 | 479.2 | 462.0* | 120 | 24.0 | |
| 444.1 | 120 | 31.0 | ||||
| Tetracycline (TC) | 4.5 | 445.2 | 427.3* | 120 | 19.0 | |
| 410.3 | 120 | 27.0 | ||||
| Doxycycline (DOX) | 4.7 | 445.2 | 428.1* | 140 | 27.0 | |
| 410.2 | 140 | 34.0 | ||||
| Minocycline (MIC) | 4.1 | 458.2 | 441.2* | 130 | 25.0 | |
| 352.2 | 130 | 40.0 | ||||
| Quinolones (QNs) | ||||||
| Ofloxacin (OFX) | 4.5 | 362.3 | 318.0* | 140 | 26.0 | OFX-D3 |
| 261.0 | 140 | 38.0 | ||||
| Compound | tR/min | Precursor | Product | Declustering | Collison | IS |
| Norfloxacin (NOR) | 4.5 | 320.1 | 302.3* | 140 | 27.0 | |
| 276.1 | 140 | 24.0 | ||||
| Sarafloxacin (SAR) | 5.2 | 386.2 | 342.3* | 100 | 25.0 | |
| 299.0 | 100 | 38.0 | ||||
| Enrofloxacin (ENR) | 4.9 | 360.0 | 316.2* | 100 | 27.0 | |
| 245.2 | 100 | 36.0 | ||||
| Ciprofloxacin (CIP) | 4.6 | 332.1 | 314.0* | 90 | 31.0 | |
| 288.3 | 90 | 25.0 | ||||
| Lomefloxacin (LOM) | 4.7 | 352.0 | 265.2* | 100 | 32.0 | |
| 308.1 | 100 | 23.0 | ||||
| Macrolides (MLs) | ||||||
| Roxithromycin (ROX) | 7.4 | 837.3 | 679.2* | 100 | 30.0 | ROX-D7 |
| 158.1 | 100 | 38.0 | ||||
| Clarithromycin (CLA) | 7.3 | 748.3 | 590.4* | 120 | 27.0 | |
| 158.2 | 120 | 33.0 | ||||
| Tylosin (TS) | 6.8 | 916.5 | 772.4* | 130 | 41.0 | |
| 174.1 | 130 | 47.0 | ||||
| Spiramycin (SPM) | 5.5 | 843.4 | 174.0* | 120 | 45.0 | |
| 540.0 | 120 | 42.0 | ||||
| Erythromycin (ERY) | 6.5 | 734.3 | 576.2* | 80 | 27.0 | |
| 158.3 | 80 | 35.0 | ||||
| Azithromycin (AZI) | 5.5 | 749.7 | 591.5* | 160 | 40.0 | |
| 573.6 | 160 | 47.0 | ||||
| Cephalosporins (CEs) | ||||||
| Cefotaxime (CTX) | 4.5 | 456.0 | 396.0* | 60 | 15.0 | CE-D5 |
| 324.0 | 60 | 19.0 | ||||
| Cephapirin (CP) | 3.6 | 424.2 | 292.2* | 60 | 21.0 | |
| 152.0 | 60 | 29.0 | ||||
| Cefaclor (CEC) | 3.8 | 368.0 | 174.2* | 29 | 20.0 | |
| 106.1 | 29 | 39.0 | ||||
| Cefazolin (CFZ) | 4.9 | 455.1 | 323.0* | 37 | 15.0 | |
| 156.0 | 37 | 20.0 | ||||
| Cephalexin (CPX) | 4.2 | 348.2 | 174.0* | 80 | 23.0 | |
| 158.2 | 80 | 15.0 | ||||
| Chloramphenicols (CMs) | ||||||
| Chloramphenicol (CM) | 4.4 | 321.0 | 257.1* | -40 | -15.0 | CM-D5 |
| 152.0 | -40 | -24.0 | ||||
| Thiamphenicol (TAP) | 3.2 | 354.0 | 290.2* | -50 | -17.0 | |
| 185.1 | -50 | -27.0 | ||||
| Florfenicol (FFC) | 4.1 | 356.0 | 336.0* | -40 | -13.0 | |
| 185.0 | -40 | -26.0 | ||||
| IS | ||||||
| Sulfamerazine-D4(SMR-D4) | 4.0 | 269.2 | 172.1 | 70 | 23.0 | |
| Cephalexin-D5(CPX-D5) | 4.1 | 353.0 | 179.0 | 80 | 23.0 | |
| Ofloxacin-D3(OFX-D3) | 4.4 | 365.2 | 321.1 | 140 | 26.0 | |
| Tetracycline-D6(TC-D6) | 4.6 | 451.4 | 416.2 | 120 | 27.0 | |
| Clindamycin-D3(CLIN-D3) | 5.5 | 428.0 | 129.0 | 80 | 34.0 | |
| Roxithromycin-D7(ROX-D7) | 7.4 | 844.3 | 686.2 | 100 | 30.0 | |
| Chloramphenicol-D5(CM-D5) | 4.4 | 326.0 | 157.0 | -24 | -40.0 |
* Quantitative ion.
图1不同离子源温度下各类抗生素的响应值
图242种抗生素(0.5 μg/L)在正离子和负离子 模式下的总离子流图
图3Na2EDTA的添加对抗生素回收率的影响(n=3)
图4pH值对抗生素回收率的影响(n=3)
图53种前处理方法的流程图
图6采用大体积直接进样法与固相萃取法时42种 抗生素回收率的比较
本方法与标准方法及其他文献方法检出限的比较
| Compound | MDLs/(ng/L) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| This method | Standards | Literatures | |
| SAs | 0.015-0.349 | 0.3-1.2[ | 0.19-1.57[ |
| LINs | 0.022-0.060 | 0.8[ | 0.48-6.04[ |
| TCs | 1.110-3.201 | 1.2-51[ | 4.72-11.23[ |
| QNs | 0.582-2.004 | 1.8-170[ | 0.54-13.55[ |
| MLs | 0.312-3.561 | 0.2-13[ | 0.31-3.99[ |
| CEs | 0.122-3.064 | 10[ | 0.77-13.37[ |
| CMs | 0.172-0.231 | / | 0.65-0.77[ |
与其他文献方法的回收率比较
| Compound | Recoveries/% | |
|---|---|---|
| Large volume direct injection (this study) | Solid phase extraction (literature) | |
| SAs | 80.2-125 | 2-134[ |
| LINs | 94.0-110 | 62-112[ |
| TCs | 95.6-122 | 50.2-94.6[ |
| QNs | 80.1-108 | 47-126[ |
| MLs | 81.7-116 | 54.2-98.4[ |
| CEs | 86.9-115 | 129-131[ |
| CM | 83.1-101 | 53-81[ |
实际水样中抗生素的阳性检测结果
| Site | Contents/(ng/L) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SCP | SDZ | SMZ | SMX | SM2 | ROX | CLA | ERY | CLIN | LCM | TAP | FFC | |
| S1 | 3.82 | 4.02 | 0.66 | 4.78 | 0.56 | 2.70 | 2.18 | 2.71 | 2.45 | 12.4 | 6.80 | 31.4 |
| S2 | 3.40 | 3.03 | 0.64 | 4.43 | 0.82 | 2.92 | 2.38 | 2.81 | 2.57 | 11.5 | 6.30 | 29.6 |
| S3 | 3.33 | 2.60 | 0.46 | 3.91 | 0.58 | 2.74 | 2.36 | 2.67 | 2.09 | 11.2 | 5.18 | 23.9 |
| S4 | 3.83 | 2.57 | 0.66 | 4.44 | 0.69 | 3.24 | 2.53 | 2.58 | 3.38 | 13.7 | 4.92 | 28.1 |
| S5 | 3.54 | 3.00 | 0.56 | 4.53 | 0.65 | 2.84 | 2.79 | 2.95 | 3.55 | 12.6 | 4.88 | 27.1 |
| S6 | 3.84 | 2.38 | 0.57 | 4.98 | 0.66 | 3.36 | 2.71 | 2.60 | 2.92 | 12.5 | 5.35 | 25.5 |
| S7 | 3.58 | 6.56 | 0.52 | 4.09 | 0.59 | 2.69 | 2.25 | 2.49 | 2.57 | 13.1 | 4.53 | 24.8 |
| S8 | 3.20 | 4.46 | 0.65 | 3.76 | 0.62 | 2.94 | 5.03 | 2.21 | 2.48 | 13.8 | 7.57 | 33.6 |
| S9 | 3.82 | 2.89 | 0.50 | 4.17 | 0.59 | 4.02 | 2.64 | 2.26 | 2.78 | 13.0 | 6.68 | 29.3 |
| S10 | 3.06 | 0.22 | ND | 3.37 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.22 | 3.83 | 5.74 | 31.7 |
| G1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| G2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| G3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| G4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| G5 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
S1-S10: drinking water sources; G1-G5: tap water; ND: not detected.