Jessica A Pollard1,2, Todd A Alonzo3, Robert Gerbing4, Patrick Brown5, Elizabeth Fox6, John Choi7, Brian Fisher8, Betsy Hirsch9, Samir Kahwash10, Kelly Getz11, John Levine12, Lisa Eidenschink Brodersen13, Michael R Loken13, Susana Raimondi6, Katherine Tarlock14,15, Andrew Wood16, Lillian Sung17, E Anders Kolb18, Alan Gamis19, Soheil Meshinchi14,15, Richard Aplenc8. 1. Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA. 2. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. 3. University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA. 4. Children's Oncology Group, Monrovia, CA. 5. Johns Hopkins Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD. 6. St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN. 7. University of Alabama, Birmingham AL. 8. Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA. 9. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. 10. Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH. 11. University of Pennsylvania, Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Informatics, Philadelphia, PA. 12. Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY. 13. Hematologics Inc, Seattle, WA. 14. Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA. 15. Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. 16. University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. 17. The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON. 18. Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE. 19. Children's Mercy Hospital and Clinics, Kansas City, MO.
Abstract
PURPOSE: High allelic ratio (HAR) FLT3/ITD (AR > 0.4) mutations confer poor prognosis in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML). COG AAML1031 studied the feasibility and efficacy of adding sorafenib, a multikinase tyrosine kinase inhibitor to standard chemotherapy and as single-agent maintenance therapy in this population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients were treated in three cohorts. The initial safety phase defined the maximum tolerated dose of sorafenib starting in induction 2. Cohorts 2 and 3 added sorafenib in induction and as single-agent maintenance. Clinical outcome analysis was limited to n = 72 patients in cohorts 2/3 and compared with n = 76 HAR FLT3/ITD+ AML patients who received identical chemotherapy without sorafenib. Sorafenib pharmacokinetics and plasma inhibitory activity were measured in a subset of patients. RESULTS: The maximum tolerated dose of sorafenib was 200 mg/m2 once daily; dose-limiting toxicities included rash (n = 2; 1 grade 3 and 1 grade 2), grade 2 hand-foot syndrome, and grade 3 fever. Pharmacokinetics/plasma inhibitory activity data demonstrated that measured plasma concentrations were sufficient to inhibit phosphorylated FLT3. Although outcomes were superior with sorafenib in cohorts 2 and 3, patients treated with sorafenib also underwent hematopoietic stem-cell transplant more frequently than the comparator population. Multivariable analysis that accounted for both hematopoietic stem-cell transplant and favorable co-occurring mutations confirmed sorafenib's benefit. Specifically, risk of an event was approximately two-fold higher in HAR FLT3/ITD+ patients who did not receive sorafenib (event-free survival from study entry: hazard ratio [HR] 2.37, 95% CI, 1.45 to 3.88, P < .001, disease-free survival from complete remission: HR 2.28, 95% CI, 1.08 to 4.82, P = .032, relapse risk from complete remission: HR 3.03, 95% CI 1.31 to 7.04, P = .010). CONCLUSION: Sorafenib can be safely added to conventional AML chemotherapy and may improve outcomes in pediatric HAR FLT3/ITD+ AML.
PURPOSE: High allelic ratio (HAR) FLT3/ITD (AR > 0.4) mutations confer poor prognosis in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML). COG AAML1031 studied the feasibility and efficacy of adding sorafenib, a multikinase tyrosine kinase inhibitor to standard chemotherapy and as single-agent maintenance therapy in this population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients were treated in three cohorts. The initial safety phase defined the maximum tolerated dose of sorafenib starting in induction 2. Cohorts 2 and 3 added sorafenib in induction and as single-agent maintenance. Clinical outcome analysis was limited to n = 72 patients in cohorts 2/3 and compared with n = 76 HAR FLT3/ITD+ AML patients who received identical chemotherapy without sorafenib. Sorafenib pharmacokinetics and plasma inhibitory activity were measured in a subset of patients. RESULTS: The maximum tolerated dose of sorafenib was 200 mg/m2 once daily; dose-limiting toxicities included rash (n = 2; 1 grade 3 and 1 grade 2), grade 2 hand-foot syndrome, and grade 3 fever. Pharmacokinetics/plasma inhibitory activity data demonstrated that measured plasma concentrations were sufficient to inhibit phosphorylated FLT3. Although outcomes were superior with sorafenib in cohorts 2 and 3, patients treated with sorafenib also underwent hematopoietic stem-cell transplant more frequently than the comparator population. Multivariable analysis that accounted for both hematopoietic stem-cell transplant and favorable co-occurring mutations confirmed sorafenib's benefit. Specifically, risk of an event was approximately two-fold higher in HAR FLT3/ITD+ patients who did not receive sorafenib (event-free survival from study entry: hazard ratio [HR] 2.37, 95% CI, 1.45 to 3.88, P < .001, disease-free survival from complete remission: HR 2.28, 95% CI, 1.08 to 4.82, P = .032, relapse risk from complete remission: HR 3.03, 95% CI 1.31 to 7.04, P = .010). CONCLUSION: Sorafenib can be safely added to conventional AML chemotherapy and may improve outcomes in pediatric HAR FLT3/ITD+ AML.
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