Callose Detection and Quantification at Plasmodesmata in Bryophytes.

In bryophytes (i.e., mosses, liverworts, and hornworts), extant representatives of early land plants, plasmodesmata have been described in a wide range of tissues. Although their contribution to bryophyte morphogenesis remains largely unexplored, several recent studies have suggested that the deposition of callose around plasmodesmata might regulate developmental and physiological responses in mosses. In this chapter, we provide a protocol to image and quantify callose levels in the filamentous body of the model moss Physcomitrium (Physcomitrella) patens and discuss possible alternatives and pitfalls. More generally, this protocol establishes a framework to explore the distribution of callose in other bryophytes.