| Literature DB >> 35319614 |
Guilherme Augusto Reissig Pereira1,2, Luís Beck-da-Silva2,3.
Abstract
Iron deficiency (ID) is an important comorbidity in heart failure with reduced ejection (HFrEF) and is highly prevalent in both anemic and non-anemic patients. In HFrEF, iron deficiency should be investigated by measurements of transferrin saturation and ferritin. There are two types of ID: absolute deficiency, with depletion of iron stores; and functional ID, where iron supply is not sufficient despite normal stores. ID is associated with worse functional class and higher risk of death in patients with HFrEF, and scientific evidence has indicated improvement of symptoms and quality of life of these patients with treatment with parenteral iron in the form of ferric carboxymaltose. Iron plays vital roles such as oxygen transportation (hemoglobin) and storage (myoblogin), and is crucial for adequate functioning of mitochondria, which are composed of iron-based proteins and the place of energy generation by oxidative metabolism at the electron transport chain. An insufficient generation and abnormal uptake of iron by skeletal and cardiac muscle cells contribute to the pathophysiology of HF. The present review aims to increase the knowledge of the pathophysiology of ID in HFrEF, and to address available tools for its diagnosis and current scientific evidence on iron replacement therapy.Entities:
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Year: 2022 PMID: 35319614 PMCID: PMC8959039 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20201257
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Arq Bras Cardiol ISSN: 0066-782X Impact factor: 2.000
Figura 1– Efeitos prejudiciais da deficiência de ferro em diferentes níveis de complexidade do organismo (adaptado de Jankowska et al.13 e Stugiewicz et al.20). Fe-S: ferro-enxofre; O2: oxigênio.
– Ensaios clínicos randomizados com tratamento de deficiência de ferro em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca
| Toblli et al.33 | FERRIC-HF32 | FAIR-HF34 | IRON-HF30 | CONFIRM-HF35 | EFFECT-HF58 | IRONOUT-HF31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | SHF: 20 Placebo: 20 | SHF: 24 Placebo: 11 | CF: 304 Placebo: 155 | SHF: 10 SF: 7; Placebo: 6 | CF: 150 Placebo: 151 | CF: 86 Terapia padrão: 86 | PF: 111 Placebo: 114 |
| Cegamento | Duplo-cego | Aberto | Duplo-cego | Duplo-cego | Duplo-cego | Aberto | Duplo-cego |
| Centro(s) | Multicêntrico | Unicêntrico | Multicêntrico | Multicêntrico | Multicêntrico | Multicêntrico | Multicêntrico |
| Sintomas (CF da NYHA) | II-IV | II-III | II-III | II-IV | II-III | II-III | II-IV |
| FEVE | ≤35% | ≤45% | ≤40% ou ≤45% | <40% | ≤45% | ≤45% | ≤40% |
| Definição de DF | Ferritina<100ng/mL e/ou TSAT<20% | Ferritina<100ng/mL ou ferritina 100-299ng/mL + TSAT<20% | Ferritina<100ng/mL ou ferritina 100-299ng/mL + TSAT<20% | Ferritina < 500 μg/L e TSAT<20% | Ferritina<100ng/ml ou ferritina 100-299ng/ml + TSAT<20% | Ferritina<100ng/mL ou ferritina 100-299ng/mL + TSAT<20% | Ferritina<100ng/mL ou ferritina 100-299ng/mL + TSAT<20% |
| Hb | <12,5 g/dL | <12,5 g/dL (anêmicos), 12,5-14,5 g/dL (não-anemicos) | 9-13,5 g/dL | 9-12 g/dL | <15 g/dL | <15 g/dL | 9-13,5 g/dL |
| Via do Ferro | Injetável | Injetável | Injetável | Injetável e Oral | Injetável | Injetável | Oral |
| Tipo de Ferro | SHF | SHF | CF | SHF e SF | CF | CF | PF |
| Fase de correção (dosagem) | 200mg/sem 5 sem | 200mg/sem 4 sem | 200mg/sem* | SHF 200mg/sem SF 200mg 3xd | 500-2000mg semanas 0 e 6 | 500-2000mg semanas 0 e 6 | 150mg 2xd 16sem |
| Fase de manutenção (dosagem) | - | 200mg/mês | 200mg/mês | - | 500mg a cada 12 sem† | 500mg a cada 12 sem† | - |
| Duração tratamento | 5 sem | 16 sem | 24 sem | 5 sem (SHF) 8 sem (SF) | 36 sem | 12 sem | 16 sem |
| Seguimento | 24 sem | 18 sem | 24 sem | 12 sem | 52 sem | 24 sem | 16 sem |
| Desfecho primário de interesse | Mudança no NT-proBNP e PCR | Mudança no pVO2 | Mudança na classe funcional NYHA e no PGA | Mudança no pVo2 | Mudança no teste da caminhada de 6 minutos | Mudança no pVo2 | Mudança no pVo2 |
| Diferença no desfecho primário | Sim | Não | Sim | Não | Sim | Sim | Não |
* Dose calculada de acordo com fórmula de Ganzoni.
Figura 2– Algoritmo diagnóstico e terapêutico de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca e deficiência de ferro (adaptado de Rocha et al.)10. DF: deficiência de ferro; EV: endovenoso; FE: fração de ejeção; Hb: hemoglobina; IC: insuficiência cardíaca; NYHA: New York Heart Association; TSAT: saturação de transferrina; DF: deficiência de ferro; EV: endovenosa; HB: hemoglobina; FE: fração de ejeção.
– Dose de carboximaltose férrica endovenosa em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca e deficiência de ferro10
| Peso e Hb | Fase de correção | Fase de manutenção | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Sem 0 | Sem 6 | Sem 12 | Sem 24 | Sem 36 | Sem >36 | |
| 35-70 Kg e Hb <10g/dL | 1000 mg | 500 mg | 500mg se DF persiste | 500mg se DF persiste | 500mg se DF persiste | Sem evidência |
| 35-70 Kg e Hb ≥10g/dL | 1000 mg | 0 mg | ||||
| > 70 Kg e Hb <10g/dL | 1000 mg | 1000 mg | ||||
| > 70 Kg e Hb ≥10g/dL | 1000 mg | 500 mg | ||||
Tabela adaptada de Rocha et al.10 DF: deficiência de ferro; Hb: hemoglobina; IC: insuficiência cardíaca; Sem: semana(s).
Figure 1– Harmful effects of iron deficiency at different levels of organism complexity (adapted from Jankowska et al.13and Stugiewicz et al.20). Fe-S: iron-sulfur; O2: oxygen.
– Randomized clinical trials on treatment of iron deficiency in patients with heart failure
| Toblli et al.33 | FERRIC-HF32 | FAIR-HF34 | IRON-HF30 | CONFIRM-HF35 | EFFECT-HF58 | IRONOUT-HF31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | FHS: 20 Placebo: 20 | FHS: 24 Placebo: 11 | FC: 304 Placebo: 155 | FHS: 10 SF: 7; Placebo: 6 | FC: 150 Placebo: 151 | FC: 86 Standard therapy: 86 | FP: 111 Placebo: 114 |
| Bliding | Double-blind | Open | Double-blind | Double-blind | Double-blind | Open | Double-blind |
| Center (s) | Multicentric | Single-center | Multicentric | Multicentric | Multicentric | Multicentric | Multicentric |
| Symptoms (NYHA functional class) | II-IV | II-III | II-III | II-IV | II-III | II-III | II-IV |
| LVEF | ≤35% | ≤45% | ≤40% or ≤45% | <40% | ≤45% | ≤45% | ≤40% |
| ID definition | Ferritin<100ng/mL and/or TSAT<20% | Ferritin<100ng/mL or ferritin 100-299ng/mL + TSAT<20% | Ferritin<100ng/mL or ferritin 100-299ng/mL + TSAT<20% | Ferritin < 500 μg/L and TSAT<20% | Ferritin<100ng/mL or ferritin 100-299ng/mL + TSAT<20% | Ferritin<100ng/mL or ferritin 100-299ng/mL + TSAT<20% | Ferritin<100ng/mL or ferritin 100-299ng/mL + TSAT<20% |
| Hb | <12.5 g/dL | <12.5 g/dL (anemic), 12.5-14.5 g/dL(non-anemic) | 9-13.5 g/dL | 9-12 g/dL | <15 g/dL | <15 g/dL | 9-13.5 g/dl |
| Iron pathway | Injectable | Injectable | Injectable | Injectable and oral | Injectable | Injectable | Oral |
| Type of iron | FHS | FHS | FC | FHS and FS | FC | FC | PF |
| Correction phase (dosage) | 200mg/week 5 weeks | 200mg/week 4 weeks | 200mg/week* | SHF 200mg/week SF 200mg 3xd | 500-2000mg week 0 and 6 | 500-2000mg week 0 and 6 | 150mg 2xd 16sem |
| Maintenance phase (dosage) | - | 200mg/month | 200mg/month | - | 500mg every 12 weeks† | 500mg every 12 weeks† | - |
| Treatment duration | 5 weeks | 16 weeks | 24 weeks | 5 weeks (SHF) 8 weeks (FS) | 36 weeks | 12 weeks | 16 weeks |
| Follow-up | 24 weeks | 18 weeks | 24 weeks | 12 weeks | 52 weeks | 24 weeks | 16 weeks |
| Primary outcome of interest | Change in NT-proBNP and CRP | Change in pVO2 | Change in NYHA FC and PGA | Change in pVO2 | Change in the six-minute walk test distance | Change in pVO2 | Change in pVO2 |
| Difference in primary outcome | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | N |
* Calculated using the Ganzoni equation.
Figure 2– Diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm for patients with heart failure and iron deficiency (adapted from Rocha et al.)10. ID: iron deficiency; NYHA: New York Heart Association; EF: ejection fraction: Hb: hemoblogin; B12: vitamina B12; IV: intravenous; TSAT: transferrin saturation.
– Dose of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose in patients with heart failure and iron deficiency10
| Weight and Hb | Correction phase | Maintenance phase | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Week 0 | Week 6 | Week 12 | Week 24 | Week 36 | Week >36 | |
| 35-70 Kg and Hb <10g/dL | 1000 mg | 500 mg | 500mg if ID persists | 500mg if ID persists | 500mg if ID persists | No evidence |
| 35-70 Kg and Hb ≥10g/dL | 1000 mg | 0 mg | ||||
| > 70 Kg and Hb <10g/dL | 1000 mg | 1000 mg | ||||
| > 70 Kg and Hb ≥10g/dL | 1000 mg | 500 mg | ||||
Table adapted from Rocha et al.