| Literature DB >> 35319612 |
Camila Tavares Sousa1, Antonio Ribeiro2, Sandhi Maria Barreto2, Luana Giatti3, Luisa Brant2, Paulo Lotufo4, Dora Chor5, Antônio Alberto Lopes6, Sotero Serrate Mengue7, André Oliveira Baldoni1, Roberta Carvalho Figueiredo1.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: It seems that the worst response to some classes of antihypertensive drugs, especially angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, on the part of the Black population, would at least partially explain the worse control of hypertension among these individuals. However, most of the evidence comes from American studies.Entities:
Mesh:
Substances:
Year: 2022 PMID: 35319612 PMCID: PMC8959024 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20201180
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Arq Bras Cardiol ISSN: 0066-782X Impact factor: 2.000
– Distribuição de usuários de anti-hipertensivos em monoterapia na linha de base de acordo com características socioeconômicas; hábitos relacionados à saúde e presença de morbidades; controle da pressão arterial; níveis de pressão arterial; classe de fármaco e tempo de uso dos anti-hipertensivos distribuídos de acordo com categorias de raça/cor da pele autorrelatadas. n (%). média (DP) ELSA-Brasil*. (2008-2010) (N= 1,795)*
| Variáveis | Geral (N=1,795) | Brancos (N=995) | Pardos (N=501) | Negros (N=299) | p-valor‡ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 832 (46,4) | 486 (48,8) | 230 (45,9) | 116 (38,8) | 0,009 | |
| Masculino | 963 (53,6) | 509 (51,2) | 271 (54,1) | 183 (61,2) | |
| Feminino | |||||
| 56 (8,7) | 57 (9,0) | 55 (8,2) | 55 (8,1) | 0,023§ | |
| Ensino superior completo | 972 (54,1) | 699 (70,2) | 203 (40,5) | 70 (23,4) | 0,001 |
| Ensino médio completo | 583 (32,5) | 228 (22,9) | 205 (40,9) | 150 (50,2) | |
| < Ensino médio completo | 240 (13,4) | 68 (6,8) | 93 (18,6) | 79 (26,4) | |
| Não | 1,650 (92,0) | 902 (90,7) | 467 (93,4) | 281 (94,0) | 0,079 |
| Sim | 143 (8,0) | 92 (9,3) | 33 (6,6) | 18 (6,0) | |
| Não | 1,273 (71,0) | 735 (74,0) | 348 (69,5) | 190 (63,5) | 0,002 |
| Sim | 521 (29,0) | 259 (26,0) | 153 (30,5) | 109 (36,5) | |
| Peso normal | 458 (25,5) | 267 (26,8) | 132 (23,3) | 59 (19,8) | 0,012 |
| Sobrepeso | 780 (43,5) | 444 (44,6) | 212 (42,3) | 124 (41,6) | |
| Obesidade | 556 (31,0) | 284 (28,5) | 157 (31,4) | 115 (39,6) | |
| Controlada | 1,297 (72,3) | 776 (78,0) | 338 (67,5) | 183 (61,2) | 0,001 |
| Descontrolada | 498 (27,7) | 219 (22,0) | 163 (32,5) | 116 (38,8) | |
| 128 (17,3) | 126 (16,7) | 130 (16,5) | 133 (19,2) | 0,004 | |
| 79 (10,5) | 81 (10,5) | 81 (10,5) | 82 (10,8) | 0,362 | |
| IECA | 500 (27,9) | 266 (26,7) | 142 (28,3) | 92 (30,8) | 0,001 |
| DIU tiazídicos | 291 (16,2) | 123 (12,4) | 98 (19,6) | 70 (23,4) | |
| BCC | 121 (6,7) | 51 (5,1) | 37 (7,4) | 33 (110,0) | |
| BRA | 439 (24,5) | 278 (28,0) | 114 (22,7) | 47 (15,7) | |
| BB | 444 (24,7) | 277 (27,8) | 110 (22,0) | 57 (19,1) | |
| Tempo de uso de anti-hipertensivos (anos) | 4,0 (4,3) | 4,2 (4,2) | 3,9 (4,5) | 3,5 (4,1) | 0,106§ |
Diferenças no N total para cada variável se devem aos valores faltantes.
– Distribuição de usuários de anti-hipertensivo em monoterapia na linha de base de acordo com características socioeconômicas; hábitos relacionados à saúde e presença de morbidades; controle da pressão arterial; níveis de pressão arterial e tempo de uso dos anti-hipertensivos distribuídos de acordo com classes de anti-hipertensivos. n (%). média (DP) ELSA-Brasil†. (2008-2010) (N= 1,795)*
| Variáveis | IECA (N=500) | Diuréticos tiazídicos (N=291) | BCC (N=121) | BRA (N=439) | BB (N=444) | p-valor‡ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masculino | 289 (57,8) | 84 (28,9) | 59 (48,8) | 227 (51,7) | 173 (38,9) | 0,001 |
| Feminino | 211 (42,2) | 207 (71,1) | 62 (51,2) | 212 (48,3) | 271 (61,1) | |
| Idade (anos) | 55 (8,4) | 55 (8,5) | 55 (8,5) | 57 (8,6) | 55 (8,9) | 0,668§ |
| Ensino superior completo | 230 (46,0) | 119 (40,9) | 65 (53,7) | 291 (53,7) | 267 (60,1) | 0,001 |
| Ensino médio completo | 188 (37,6) | 114 (39,2) | 36 (29,7) | 112 (25,5) | 133 (23,0) | |
| < Ensino médio completo | 82 (16,4) | 58 (19,9) | 20 (16,5) | 36 (8,2) | 44 (9,9) | |
| Não | 449 (89,8) | 275 (94,8) | 113 (93,4) | 400 (91,3) | 413 (93,0) | 0,104 |
| Sim | 51 (10,2) | 15 (5,2) | 8 (6,6) | 38 (8,7) | 31 (7,0) | |
| Diabetes | ||||||
| Não | 307 (61,4) | 219 (75,3) | 83 (68,6) | 306 (69,7) | 358 (80,8) | 0,001 |
| Sim | 193 (38,6) | 72 (24,7) | 38 (31,4) | 133 (30,3) | 85 (19,2) | |
| Peso normal | 115 (23,0) | 75 (25,8) | 38 (31,4) | 93 (21,2) | 137 (30,9) | 0,001 |
| Sobrepeso | 212 (42,4) | 102 (35,1) | 55 (45,5) | 206 (46,9) | 205 (46,3) | |
| Obesidade | 173 (34,6) | 114 (39,2) | 28 (23,1) | 140 (31,9) | 101 (22,8) | |
| Controlada | 334 (66,8) | 209 (71,8) | 83 (68,6) | 321 (73,1) | 350 (78,8) | 0,001 |
| Descontrolada | 166 (33,2) | 82 (28,2) | 38 (31,4) | 118 (26,9) | 94 (21,2) | |
| Média dos níveis de pressão arterial sistólica | 130 (18,6) | 128 (15,4) | 131 (15,1) | 128 (16,5) | 125 (17,7) | 0,001§ |
| Média dos níveis de pressão arterial diastólica | 82 (11,3) | 80 (9,14) | 79 (10,0) | 80 (9,9) | 77 (10,8) | 0,001§ |
| Tempo de uso de anti-hipertensivos (anos) | 4,5 (4,5) | 3,6 (4,5) | 4,8 (4,5) | 2,6 (2,6) | 4,7 (4,9) | 0,001 |
Diferenças no N total para cada variável se devem aos valores faltantes.
– Razões de chance (RC) brutas e padronizadas * no controle da pressão arterial+ de usuários de anti-hipertensivos em monoterapia na linha de base do ELSA-Brasil1 2008-2010 (n=1,795)
| Classe de anti-hipertensivos | Multivariada | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Modelo 0 | Modelo 1 | Modelo 2 | Modelo 3 | |
| RC (IC95%) | RC (IC95%) | RC (IC95%) | RC (IC95%) | |
| Brancos | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Pardos | 2,9**(1,9;4,5) | 2,8**(1,8;4,4) | 2,8**(1,8;4,4) | 2,7**(1,7;4,3) |
| Negros | 2,5**(1,5;4,1) | 2,3**(1,3;3,9) | 2,3**(1,3;3,9) | 2,2**(1,3;3,4) |
| Brancos | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Pardos | 1,3 (0,8;2.1) | 1,1 (0,6;1.9) | 1,1 (0,6;1.9) | 1,2 (0,7;2.2) |
| Negros | 2.4** (1,25;4.51) | 1,9 (0,9;4.0) | 2,0 (1,0;4.1) | 2.2** (1,0;4.7) |
| BCC (N=121) | ||||
| Pardos | 0,8 (0,3;2.1) | 0,7 (0,3;1.9) | 0,7 (0,2;1.9) | 0,7 (0,2;2.1) |
| Negros | 1,3 (0,5;3.2) | 1,0 (0,4;2.9) | 1,0 (0,4;2.9) | 1,1 (0,4;3.5) |
| Brancos | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Pardos | 1,3 (0,8;2.3) | 1,3 (0,7;2.3) | 1,3 (0,7;2.3) | 1,2 (0,6;2.2) |
| Negros | 2,3**(1,2;4,3) | 2,1**(1,0;4,1) | 2,1**(1,0;4,2) | 2.1**(1,0:4,4) |
| Brancos | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Pardos | 1,6 (0,9;3.0) | 1,5 (0,8;2.9) | 1,6 (0,8;3.2) | 1,7 (0,9;3.4) |
| Negros | 2.2**(1,2:4,2) | 1,9 (1,0;4.0) | 2,1**(1,0;4,5) | 2,4**(1,1;5,1) |
* Razões de chance (RC).
– Distribution of users antihypertensive in monotherapy at baseline according to socioeconomic characteristics; health-related lifestyle habits and presence of morbidities; control of blood pressure; blood pressure levels. class of drugs and time of use of antihypertensive drugs distributed according self-reported race/skin color categories. n (%). mean (SD) ELSA-Brasil*. (2008-2010) (N= 1.795)*
| Variables | Overall (N=1.795) | White(N=995) | Brown (N=501) | Black (N=299) | p value‡ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 832 (46.4) | 486 (48.8) | 230 (45.9) | 116 (38.8) | 0.009 | |
| Male | 963 (53.6) | 509 (51.2) | 271 (54.1) | 183 (61.2) | |
| Female | |||||
| Undergraduate complete | 972 (54.1) | 699 (70.2) | 203 (40.5) | 70 (23.4) | 0.001 |
| Secondary complete | 583 (32.5) | 228 (22.9) | 205 (40.9) | 150 (50.2) | |
| < Secondary complete | 240 (13.4) | 68 (6.8) | 93 (18.6) | 79 (26.4) | |
| No | 1.650 (92.0) | 902 (90.7) | 467 (93.4) | 281 (94.0) | 0.079 |
| Yes | 143 (8.0) | 92 (9.3) | 33 (6.6) | 18 (6.0) | |
| No | 1.273 (71.0) | 735 (74.0) | 348 (69.5) | 190 (63.5) | 0.002 |
| Yes | 521 (29.0) | 259 (26.0) | 153 (30.5) | 109 (36.5) | |
| Normal weight | 458 (25.5) | 267 (26.8) | 132 (23.3) | 59 (19.8) | 0.012 |
| Overweight | 780 (43.5) | 444 (44.6) | 212 (42.3) | 124 (41.6) | |
| Obesity | 556 (31.0) | 284 (28.5) | 157 (31.4) | 115 (39.6) | |
| Controlled | 1.297 (72.3) | 776 (78.0) | 338 (67.5) | 183 (61.2) | 0.001 |
| Out of control | 498 (27.7) | 219 (22.0) | 163 (32.5) | 116 (38.8) | |
| 128 (17.3) | 126 (16.7) | 130 (16.5) | 133 (19.2) | 0.004 | |
| 79 (10.5) | 81 (10.5) | 81 (10.5) | 82 (10.8) | 0.362 | |
| ACEI | 500 (27.9) | 266 (26.7) | 142 (28.3) | 92 (30.8) | 0.001 |
| Thiazide DIU | 291 (16.2) | 123 (12.4) | 98 (19.6) | 70 (23.4) | |
| CCB | 121 (6.7) | 51 (5.1) | 37 (7.4) | 33 (110.0) | |
| ARB | 439 (24.5) | 278 (28.0) | 114 (22.7) | 47 (15.7) | |
| BB | 444 (24.7) | 277 (27.8) | 110 (22.0) | 57 (19.1) | |
| Time of use of antihypertensive drugs (years) | 4.0 (4.3) | 4.2 (4.2) | 3.9 (4.5) | 3.5 (4.1) | 0.106§ |
Differences in total N for each variable are due to missing values.
– Distribution of users of antihypertensive drugs in monotherapy at baseline according to socioeconomic characteristics; health-related lifestyle habits and presence of morbidities; control of blood pressure; blood pressure levels and time of use of antihypertensive distributed according to how antihypertensive classes. n (%). mean (SD)ELSA-Brasil†. (2008-2010) (N= 1.795)*
| Variables | ACEI (N=500) | Thiazide diuretic (N=291) | BCC (N=121) | ARB (N=439) | BB (N=444) | p value‡ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | 289 (57.8) | 84 (28.9) | 59 (48.8) | 227 (51.7) | 173 (38.9) | 0.001 |
| Female | 211 (42.2) | 207 (71.1) | 62 (51.2) | 212 (48.3) | 271 (61.1) | |
| Age (years) | 55 (8.4) | 55 (8.5) | 55 (8.5) | 57 (8.6) | 55 (8.9) | 0.668§ |
| Undergraduate complete | 230 (46.0) | 119 (40.9) | 65 (53.7) | 291 (53.7) | 267 (60.1) | 0.001 |
| Secondary complete | 188 (37.6) | 114 (39.2) | 36 (29.7) | 112 (25.5) | 133 (23.0) | |
| < Secondary complete | 82 (16.4) | 58 (19.9) | 20 (16.5) | 36 (8.2) | 44 (9.9) | |
| No | 449 (89.8) | 275 (94.8) | 113 (93.4) | 400 (91.3) | 413 (93.0) | 0.104 |
| Yes | 51 (10.2) | 15 (5.2) | 8 (6.6) | 38 (8.7) | 31 (7.0) | |
| Diabetes | ||||||
| No | 307 (61.4) | 219 (75.3) | 83 (68.6) | 306 (69.7) | 358 (80.8) | 0.001 |
| Yes | 193 (38.6) | 72 (24.7) | 38 (31.4) | 133 (30.3) | 85 (19.2) | |
| Normal weight | 115 (23.0) | 75 (25.8) | 38 (31.4) | 93 (21.2) | 137 (30.9) | 0.001 |
| Overweight | 212 (42.4) | 102 (35.1) | 55 (45.5) | 206 (46.9) | 205 (46.3) | |
| Obesity | 173 (34.6) | 114 (39.2) | 28 (23.1) | 140 (31.9) | 101 (22.8) | |
| Controlled | 334 (66.8) | 209 (71.8) | 83 (68.6) | 321 (73.1) | 350 (78.8) | 0.001 |
| Out of control | 166 (33.2) | 82 (28.2) | 38 (31.4) | 118 (26.9) | 94 (21.2) | |
| Means of systolic blood pressure levels | 130 (18.6) | 128 (15.4) | 131 (15.1) | 128 (16.5) | 125 (17.7) | 0.001§ |
| Mean diastolic blood pressure levels | 82 (11.3) | 80 (9.14) | 79 (10.0) | 80 (9.9) | 77 (10.8) | 0.001§ |
| Time of use of antihypertensive drugs (years) | 4.5 (4.5) | 3.6 (4.5) | 4.8 (4.5) | 2.6 (2.6) | 4.7 (4.9) | 0.001 |
Differences in total N for each variable are due to missing values.
– Crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) * in blood pressure control+ of users of antihypertensive drugs in monotherapy in the baseline of the ELSA-Brasil1 2008-2010 (n=1.795)
| Class of antihypertensive drugs | Multivariate | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Model 0 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
| White | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Brown | 2.9**(1.9;4.5) | 2.8**(1.8;4.4) | 2.8**(1.8;4.4) | 2.7**(1.7;4.3) |
| Black | 2.5**(1.5;4.1) | 2.3**(1.3;3.9) | 2.3**(1.3;3.9) | 2.2**(1.3;3.4) |
| White | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Brown | 1.3 (0.8;2.1) | 1.1 (0.6;1.9) | 1.1 (0.6;1.9) | 1.2 (0.7;2.2) |
| Black | 2.4**(1.25;4.51) | 1.9 (0.9;4.0) | 2.0 (1.0;4.1) | 2.2**(1.0;4.7) |
| White | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Brown | 0.8 (0.3;2.1) | 0.7 (0.3;1.9) | 0.7 (0.2;1.9) | 0.7 (0.2;2.1) |
| Black | 1.3 (0.5;3.2) | 1.0 (0.4;2.9) | 1.0 (0.4;2.9) | 1.1 (0.4;3.5) |
| White | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Brown | 1.3 (0.8;2.3) | 1.3 (0.7;2.3) | 1.3 (0.7;2.3) | 1.2 (0.6;2.2) |
| Black | 2.3**(1.2;4.3) | 2.1**(1.0;4.1) | 2.1**(1.0;4.2) | 2.1**(1.0:4.4) |
| White | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Brown | 1.6 (0.9;3.0) | 1.5 (0.8;2.9) | 1.6 (0.8;3.2) | 1.7 (0.9;3.4) |
| Black | 2.2**(1.2:4.2) | 1.9 (1.0;4.0) | 2.1**(1.0;4.5) | 2.4**(1.1;5.1) |
* Odds Ratios (OR). + Reference category is blood pressure controlled (<140/90 mmHg)** p < 0,05. 1 The Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). Model 1: Adjusted for age, gender, and education. Model 2: Model 1 was then adjusted for excessive alcohol consumption. Model 3: Model 2 was adjusted for BMI, diabetes mellitus, and time of use of antihypertensive drugs. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), Angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), Calcium channel blocker (BCC), Beta blocker (BB), Thiazide diuretic (Thiazide DIU)