Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan1,2, Olanrewaju Ibigbami3, Brandon Brown1,4, Maha El Tantawi1,5, Nourhan M Aly1,5, Oliver C Ezechi1,6, Giuliana Florencia Abeldaño1,7, Eshrat Ara1,8, Martin Amogre Ayanore1,9, Passent Ellakany1,10, Balgis Gaffar1,11, Nuraldeen Maher Al-Khanati1,12, Ifeoma Idigbe1,6, Mohammed Jafer1,13, Abeedha Tu-Allah Khan1,14, Zumama Khalid1,14, Folake Barakat Lawal1,15, Joanne Lusher1,16, Ntombifuthi P Nzimande1,17, Bamidele Olubukola Popoola1,18, Mir Faeq Ali Quadri1,19, Mark Roque1,20, Ala'a B Al-Tammemi1,21, Muhammad Abrar Yousaf1,22, Jorma I Virtanen1,23, Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Zuñiga1,24, Nicaise Ndembi1,25, John N Nkengasong1,25, Annie Lu Nguyen1,26. 1. Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. 2. Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. 3. Department of Mental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. 4. Department of Social Medicine, Population and Public Health, Riverside School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States. 5. Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. 6. Department of Clinical Sciences, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria. 7. School of Medicine, University of Sierra Sur, Oaxaca, Mexico. 8. Government College for Women, Srinagar, India. 9. Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana. 10. Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia. 11. Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia. 12. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Syrian Private University, Damascus, Syria. 13. Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Saudi Arabia Department of Health Promotion, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Jazan University, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands. 14. Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy. 15. Department of Periodontology and Community Dentistry, University of Ibadan and University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. 16. Director of People and Member of the Provost's Group, Regent's University, London, United Kingdom. 17. Department of Economic and Social Geography, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary. 18. Department of Child Oral Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. 19. Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Division of Dental Public Health, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jizan, Saudi Arabia. 20. Department of Maternity and Childhood Nursing, College of Nursing, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia. 21. Migration Health Division, International Organization for Migration (IOM), The UN Migration Agency, Amman, Jordan. 22. Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. 23. Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. 24. Postgraduate Department, University of Sierra Sur, Oaxaca, Mexico. 25. Africa Centres for Disese Control and Preventon, African Union Commission, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 26. Department of Family Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
Abstract
Background: Multiple facets of the pandemic can be a source of fear, depression, anxiety and can cause changes in sleep patterns. The aim of this study was to identify health profiles and the COVID-19 pandemic related factors associated with fear, depression, anxiety and changes in sleep pattern in adults in Nigeria. Methods: The data for this analysis was extracted from a cross-sectional online survey that collected information about mental health and well-ness from a convenience sample of adults 18 years and above resident in Nigeria from July to December 2020. Study participants were asked to complete an anonymous, closed-ended online questionnaire that solicited information on sociodemographic profile, health profiles (high, moderate and low COVID-19 infection risk profile) including HIV status, COVID-19 status, and self-reported experiences of fear, anxiety, depression and changes in sleep patterns. Results: In total, 4,439 participants with mean age of 38.3 (±11.6) years responded to the survey. Factors associated with higher odds of having COVID-19 related fear were health risk (p < 0.05); living with HIV (AOR: 3.88; 95% CI: 3.22-4.69); having COVID-19 symptoms but not tested (AOR: 1.61; 95% CI: 1.30-1.99); having a friend who tested positive to COVID-19 (AOR: 1.28; 95% CI: 1.07-1.53) and knowing someone who died from COVID-19 (AOR: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.24-1.65). The odds of feeling anxious was significantly higher for those with moderate or low health risk profile (p < 0.05); living with HIV (AOR: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.32-2.04); had a friend who tested positive for COVID-19 (AOR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.08-1.68) or knew someone who died from COVID-19 (AOR: 1.53; 95% CI: 1.28-1.84). The odds of feeling depressed was significantly higher for those with health risk profile (p < 0.05); living with HIV (AOR: 2.49; 95% CI: 1.89-3.28); and respondents who had COVID-19 symptoms but had not taken a test (AOR: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.02-1.94). Factors associated with higher odds of having sleep pattern changes were having moderate and low health risk profiles (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The study findings suggest that the pandemic may cause fear, anxiety, depression and changes in sleep patterns differently for people with different health profile, HIV status and COVID-19 status.
Background: Multiple facets of the pandemic can be a source of fear, depression, anxiety and can cause changes in sleep patterns. The aim of this study was to identify health profiles and the COVID-19 pandemic related factors associated with fear, depression, anxiety and changes in sleep pattern in adults in Nigeria. Methods: The data for this analysis was extracted from a cross-sectional online survey that collected information about mental health and well-ness from a convenience sample of adults 18 years and above resident in Nigeria from July to December 2020. Study participants were asked to complete an anonymous, closed-ended online questionnaire that solicited information on sociodemographic profile, health profiles (high, moderate and low COVID-19 infection risk profile) including HIV status, COVID-19 status, and self-reported experiences of fear, anxiety, depression and changes in sleep patterns. Results: In total, 4,439 participants with mean age of 38.3 (±11.6) years responded to the survey. Factors associated with higher odds of having COVID-19 related fear were health risk (p < 0.05); living with HIV (AOR: 3.88; 95% CI: 3.22-4.69); having COVID-19 symptoms but not tested (AOR: 1.61; 95% CI: 1.30-1.99); having a friend who tested positive to COVID-19 (AOR: 1.28; 95% CI: 1.07-1.53) and knowing someone who died from COVID-19 (AOR: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.24-1.65). The odds of feeling anxious was significantly higher for those with moderate or low health risk profile (p < 0.05); living with HIV (AOR: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.32-2.04); had a friend who tested positive for COVID-19 (AOR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.08-1.68) or knew someone who died from COVID-19 (AOR: 1.53; 95% CI: 1.28-1.84). The odds of feeling depressed was significantly higher for those with health risk profile (p < 0.05); living with HIV (AOR: 2.49; 95% CI: 1.89-3.28); and respondents who had COVID-19 symptoms but had not taken a test (AOR: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.02-1.94). Factors associated with higher odds of having sleep pattern changes were having moderate and low health risk profiles (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The study findings suggest that the pandemic may cause fear, anxiety, depression and changes in sleep patterns differently for people with different health profile, HIV status and COVID-19 status.