M Kuniewicz1,2, K Budnicka3, M Dusza3, N Jakob3, N Cholewa3, R Defonseka3, M Gosnell3, T Wadhwa3, J Walocha3, H Dobrzynski3,4, M Hołda3,4,5. 1. Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 12, 31-034, Cracow, Poland. kuniewiczm@gmail.com. 2. Department of Electrocardiology, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland. kuniewiczm@gmail.com. 3. Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 12, 31-034, Cracow, Poland. 4. Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. 5. HEART-Heart Embryology and Anatomy Research Team, Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland.
Abstract
PURPOSE: The left ventricular summit (LVS) is a source of difficult-to-treat arrhythmias because of anatomical limitations. The aim of this study was to perform detailed research of the left atrial appendage (LAA) anatomy of cadaveric hearts to analyze their complex anatomy and coverage of the LVS. METHODS AND RESULTS: Eighty human formalin fixed hearts (mean age 44.4 ± 15.5, 27.5% females) were investigated. Each LAA size, type, and its relationship to the LVS were analyzed, as well as possible access sites for mapping/ablating electrode. Four types of LAA were observed over two LVS sites that are either accessible or not. The highest coverage over an inaccessible LVS area was observed in the Broccoli type, followed by the Windsock then the Chicken Wing and finally the Cactus types; over the accessible area of the LVS was observed in the Windsock, then in the Chicken Wing, then in the Cactus, and finally in the Broccoli types. The attainable coverage for electrode access is diminished from 25 to 65% because of the complex pectinate muscles and sharp angles. The highest density of the LAA floor made by pectinate muscles can be found in the Broccoli type (p < 0.005), while the Chicken Wing had the highest number of paper-thin-like pouches. CONCLUSIONS: The LAA appears to be a promising entry for ablation-qualified patients with the LV summit originate arrhythmias. The complex internal structure of the LAA may complicate ablation procedures. More prominent appendages are promising in more extensive mapping areas over the LVS.
PURPOSE: The left ventricular summit (LVS) is a source of difficult-to-treat arrhythmias because of anatomical limitations. The aim of this study was to perform detailed research of the left atrial appendage (LAA) anatomy of cadaveric hearts to analyze their complex anatomy and coverage of the LVS. METHODS AND RESULTS: Eighty human formalin fixed hearts (mean age 44.4 ± 15.5, 27.5% females) were investigated. Each LAA size, type, and its relationship to the LVS were analyzed, as well as possible access sites for mapping/ablating electrode. Four types of LAA were observed over two LVS sites that are either accessible or not. The highest coverage over an inaccessible LVS area was observed in the Broccoli type, followed by the Windsock then the Chicken Wing and finally the Cactus types; over the accessible area of the LVS was observed in the Windsock, then in the Chicken Wing, then in the Cactus, and finally in the Broccoli types. The attainable coverage for electrode access is diminished from 25 to 65% because of the complex pectinate muscles and sharp angles. The highest density of the LAA floor made by pectinate muscles can be found in the Broccoli type (p < 0.005), while the Chicken Wing had the highest number of paper-thin-like pouches. CONCLUSIONS: The LAA appears to be a promising entry for ablation-qualified patients with the LV summit originate arrhythmias. The complex internal structure of the LAA may complicate ablation procedures. More prominent appendages are promising in more extensive mapping areas over the LVS.
Authors: Miika Korhonen; Johannes Parkkonen; Marja Hedman; Antti Muuronen; Juha Onatsu; Pirjo Mustonen; Ritva Vanninen; Mikko Taina Journal: PLoS One Date: 2017-03-13 Impact factor: 3.240