Validation of two risk assessment models for venous thromboembolism in patients undergoing gynecologic surgery.

BACKGROUND: According to published guidelines, gynecologic surgical patients should be stratified into different risk level groups to receive prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism (VTE), but the applicability of available risk assessment models (RAMs) in common gynecologic surgical patients remained to be confirmed. We aimed to validate the use of the Caprini RAM and gynecologic Caprini (G-Caprini) RAM for assessing postoperative VTE risk in gynecologic surgical patients.
METHODS: The database of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) was used to select patients who underwent gynecologic surgeries for benignant and malignant diseases in five institutions in China between 2011 and 2018. The Caprini RAM version recommended by the American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) was adopted. Participants were divided into four risk levels based on the Caprini and G-Caprini scores. For each risk level group, the incidence of VTE was calculated. The correlation between VET incidence and risk levels was assessed by Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (RS) value.
RESULTS: As a result, 800 patients in the data base were analyzed with an overall VTE incidence of 5.8%. Caprini RAM showed that the percentage of patients at very low risk, low risk, moderate risk, and high risk were 0%, 4.3%, 44.4%, and 51.4%, respectively, and the VTE incidence was 2.9%, 2.3%, and 9.0%, respectively. RS value between the risk stratification and VTE incidence was 0.500 (P=0.667). G-Caprini RAM showed that the percentage of patients at very low risk, low risk, moderate risk, and high risk were 7.8%, 28.0%, 32.0%, and 32.3%, respectively, and the VTE incidence was 0.0%, 2.9%, 2.3%, and 9.0%, respectively. RS value between the risk stratification and VTE incidence was 1.000 (P<0.01).
CONCLUSIONS: The G-Caprini RAM was as suitable as the Caprini RAM for VTE risk assessment in gynecologic surgical patients. The gynecologic model has the advantages of ease of use and more accurate identification of low-risk groups. 2022 Annals of Translational Medicine. All rights reserved.

Introduction

Venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), is a common postoperative complication (1). PE, mainly caused by DVT, is attributed to 40% of deaths after gynecologic surgery and is the leading cause of gynecologic postoperative death (2). The incidence of VTE after gynecologic surgery varied based on the diagnostic method. When detected by an I 125-fibrinogen uptake scan, it can be as high as 15–40% (3). The current widely accepted three causes of VTE are hypercoagulability, vascular damage, and Venous stasis or immobilization, which was proposed by Virchow (4). Any factor contributes to these three causes is a risk factor for VTE, including long operation time, long postoperative bed time, advanced age, etc. VTE is also preventable, with common prophylaxes including graduated compression stockings (GCS), intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) and low-molecular-weight heparin (LWMH) (3,5-7). For patients at relatively high risk, the American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) both recommend a combination of mechanical and pharmacological prophylaxes (8,9). However, these measures came with some side effects such as bleeding and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) (5). And some prophylaxes increase the medical costs (10,11). Thus, it is important to categorize patients into different risk level groups and arrange prophylaxis accordingly.

The Caprini risk assessment model (RAM) for VTE prediction was proposed by Caprini et al. (12), and Caprini RAM had been validated and widely used in both hospitalized patients and general surgical patients (13-15). It contains 36 items and each one is assigned a specific value. The total score was calculated for patients to estimate the VTE risk. Regarding its applicability in gynecologic surgical patients, only those with malignancy have been studied and the consequences remained controversial (16,17). Although the Caprini RAM has not been validated in gynecologic surgical patients, the ACCP recommend it for risk assessment of gynecologic surgical patients (9). The ACCP guidelines interpret that gynecologic surgical patient will be sufficiently like other abdominal and pelvic surgery patients to permit generalization.

A gynecologic Caprini (G-Caprini) RAM was proposed by Qu et al. in 2015, specifically for common gynecologic surgical patients with either benign or malignant disease (18). In a retrospective study of 739 gynecologic surgical patients, they established the G-Caprini RAM based on six independent risk factors. Every risk factor was assigned with 1 point and the VTE risk was estimated according the total score. It is the only available RAM specialized for gynecologic surgical patients and although it has not been validated by other studies, it has been adopted by many institutions in China.

In this study, we aimed to validate the use of the Caprini RAM and gynecologic Caprini (G-Caprini) RAM for assessing postoperative VTE risk in gynecologic surgical patients. Different to previous studies that validated the Caprini RAM only in gynecologic malignancies (17,19), our study recruited both malignant and benignant patients. Besides, we were trying to validate a novel RAM in this study, which would potentially be used in clinical practice in the future. We present the following article in accordance with the MDAR reporting checklist (available at https://dx.doi.org/10.21037/atm-21-6284).

Methods

This was a secondary analysis study of the database of our previous prospective study (20) and was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR-IPR-15007324). Patients’ records and information were anonymized and de-identified prior to analysis. Informed consent was obtained from every participant before recruitment, and the study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee at Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital (No. 10-Ke-42). Data of this study will not be publicly available. All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013).

In our randomized controlled trial (RCT) (18), we evaluated the efficacy and safety of different combinations of prophylaxis strategies for postoperative VTE in gynecologic surgical patients. Data from 800 patients were prospectively collected. The published RCT article contained only 625 patients, because 175 patients were enrolled after the statistical analysis of the RCT. Details of the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the RCT were described in the published article (20). Patients were randomized into four groups to receive different prophylaxis strategies: GCS alone (group A), GCS + LMWH (group B), GCS + IPC (group C), and GCS + IPC + LMWH (group D). VTE screening by color Doppler ultrasound imaging of the lower extremities was performed in every patient was performed before and after surgery for every patient.

The scores for Caprini RAM and G-Caprini RAM were calculated for each patient. We adopted the Caprini RAM version and risk stratification strategy recommended by the ACCP (9). Briefly, the following 15 criteria were assigned for 1 point: age 41–60 years, minor surgery, BMI >25 kg/m2, swollen legs, varicose veins, pregnancy or postpartum, history of unexplained or recurrent spontaneous abortion, oral contraceptive or hormone replacement, sepsis (<1 month), serious lung disease including pneumonia (<1 month), abnormal pulmonary function, acute myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure (<1 month), history of inflammatory bowel disease, and medical patient on bed rest; the following 8 criteria were assigned for 2 points: age 61–74 years, arthroscopic surgery, major open surgery (>45 min), laparoscopic surgery (>45 min), malignancy, confined to bed (>72 h), immobilizing plaster cast, and central venous access; the following 10 criteria were assigned for 3 points: age ≥75 years, history of VTE, family history of VTE, factor V Leiden, prothrombin 20210A, lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin antibodies, elevated serum homocysteine, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, and other congenital or acquired thrombophilia; and the following 3 criteria were assigned for 5 points: stroke (<1 month), elective arthroplasty, and acute spinal cord injury (<1 month). Patients scoring 0 were at very low risk, 1–2 was low risk, 3–4 was moderate risk and ≥5 was high risk.

The G-Caprini RAM evaluates six risk factors: varicose veins, bed rest ≥48 h, length of operation ≥3 h, laparotomy, hypertension, and age ≥50 years. Patients with none of the risk factors were at low risk, with 1 risk factor were at moderate risk, with 2 factors were at high risk, and with 
≥3 factors were at very high risk. Because both RAMs classified patients into 4 risk levels, we unified the names of the risk groups into levels 1–4 as shown in .

Table 1

Risk stratification strategy

Risk category	Caprini			G-Caprini
	Score	Risk category		Score	Risk category
Level 1	0	Very low		0	Low
Level 2	1–2	Low		1	Moderate
Level 3	3–4	Moderate		2	High
Level 4	≥5	High		≥3	Very high

G-Caprini, gynecologic Caprini.

Statistical analysis

All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) version 22.0 for Windows, and a two-tailed P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Descriptive data including absolute frequency, median value and percentage were used to describe the patients’ characteristics, and a 95% confidence interval for VTE incidence was estimated. For categorical variables, the Chi-square test was used to compare equal proportions between different groups. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (RS) was calculated to evaluate the relationship between risk level stratification and VTE incidence.

Results

Patient characteristics and VTE incidence

All 800 patients were enrolled in this analysis: 46 (5.8%) developed DVT and 16 (2.0%) patients developed PE. All the patients with PE were diagnosed with concurrent DVT. Of the 46 patients with DVT, 60.9% (n=28) were asymptomatic. No patient died of VTE. Patients’ characteristics and parameters needed for the two RAMs are presented in . The median age was 52 (range, 18–86) years: 580 (72.5%) were aged 41–60 (72.5%) years, 149 (18.6%) were aged 61–74 years and 32 (4.0%) were aged ≥75 years; a total of 499 (62.4%) patients were ≥50 years old. Body mass index (BMI) was defined as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. The median BMI was 24.7 (range, 17.1–39.86) kg/m2. The BMI of 371 (46.4%) patients was >25 kg/m2. Hypertension and varicose veins were observed in 242 (30.3%) and 199 (24.9%) patients, respectively. Two (0.3%) patients took oral contraceptives and seven (0.9%) patients received hormone replacement treatment; nine (1.1%) patients had a history of inflammatory bowel disease. The median surgery time was 160 (range, 30–600) min. The duration for 362 (45.3%) patients was ≥3 h. The number of patients who underwent major open surgery (>45 min) and laparoscopic surgery (>45 min) was 273 (34.1%) and 436 (54.5%), respectively. About one-third (33.8%) of the patients had a malignant disease. The number of patients whose postoperative bed rest was >72 h and ≥48 h was 23 (2.9%) and 58 (7.3%), respectively. A total of 16 (2.0%) patients had a history of VTE, and 7 (0.9%) patients experienced HIT.

Table 2

Patients’ characteristics

Parameter	No. of patients	%
Median age, range (years)	52 [18–86]
41–60	580	72.5
61–74	149	18.6
≥75	32	4.0
≥50	499	62.4
<50	301	37.6
Median BMI, range (kg/m2)	24.7 (17.1–39.86)
>25 kg/m2	371	46.4
Hypertension	242	30.3
Swollen legs	0	0.0
Varicose veins	199	24.9
Pregnancy or postpartum	0	0.0
History of unexplained or recurrent spontaneous abortion	0	0.0
Oral contraceptive or hormone replacement	9	1.1
Sepsis (<1 month)	0	0.0
Serious lung disease, including pneumonia (<1 month)	0	0.0
Abnormal pulmonary function	0	0.0
Acute myocardial infarction	0	0.0
Congestive heart failure (<1 month)	0	0.0
History of inflammatory bowel disease	9	1.1
Medical patient on bed rest	0	0.0
Arthroscopic surgery	0	0.0
Median surgery time, range (min)	160 [30–600]
Surgery time ≥3 h	362	45.3
Major open surgery (>45 min)	273	34.1
Laparoscopic surgery (>45 min)	436	54.5
Vaginal surgery ± laparoscopic assisted	91	11.4
Malignancy	270	33.8
Confined to bed (>72 h)	23	2.9
Postoperative bed rest ≥48 h	58	7.3
Immobilizing plaster cast	0	0.0
Central venous access	0	0.0
History of VTE	16	2.0
Family history of VTE	0	0.0
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia	7	0.9
Other congenital or acquired thrombophilia	0	0.0
Stroke (<1 month)	0	0.0
Elective arthroplasty	0	0.0
Acute spinal cord injury (<1 month)	0	0.0

BMI, body mass index; VTE, venous thromboembolism.

Caprini RAM criteria matching

None of the patients met one of the following criteria: pregnancy or postpartum, history of unexplained or recurrent, sepsis (<1 month), serious lung disease (including pneumonia) (<1 month), abnormal pulmonary function, acute myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure (<1 month), medical patient on bed rest, arthroscopic surgery, immobilizing plaster cast, central venous access, other congenital or acquired thrombophilia, stroke (<1 month), elective arthroplasty, or acute spinal cord injury (<1 month). In addition, five criteria in the Caprini RAM were not available in our database: factor V Leiden, prothrombin 20210A, lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin antibodies, and elevated serum homocysteine.

Risk stratification and VTE incidence in Caprini and G-Caprini RAM

As presented in , after regrading according to the two RAMs, patients were arranged in different risk level groups. According to the Caprini RAM, no patient was in level 1, 34 (4.3%) were in level 2, 355 (44.4%) were in level 3, and 411 (51.4%) were in level 4. The VTE incidence of the levels 2–4 groups were 2.9%, 2.3%, and 9.0%, respectively. The VTE incidence of the level 2 group was higher than that of the level 3 group (P=0.565). According to the G-Caprini RAM, 62 (7.8%) patients were in level 1, 224 (28.0%) were in level 2, 256 (32.0%) were in level 3, and 258 (32.3%) were in level 4. The respective incidence of VTE was 0%, 1.2% 5.1% and 11.6%.

Table 3

Risk stratification of the patients

Risk category	Caprini									G-Caprini
	No. of patients (%)	Observed VTE (%)	95% CI*** (%)	Different prophylaxis strategy groups						No. of patients (%)	Observed VTE (%)	95% CI*** (%)	Different prophylaxis strategy groups					P value
				A	B	C	D	P value					A	B	C	D	P value
Level 1	0 (0)	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.098**		62 (7.8)	0 (0)	–	18	16	17	11	0.928**	–
Level 2	34 (4.3)	1 (2.9)	0–15	9	4	9	12			224 (28.0)	3 (1.2)	−0.2 to 2.9	55	64	49	56		0.197*
Level 3	355 (44.4)	8 (2.3)	0.7–3.8	98	100	91	66			256 (32.0)	13 (5.1)	2.4–7.8	69	64	59	64		0.089*
Level 4	411 (51.4)	37 (9.0)	5.7–10.8	112	104	91	104			258 (32.3)	30 (11.6)	7.7–15.6	64	64	66	64		0.418*

*, Chi-square test. Prophylaxis strategies were compared between the two RAMs in each risk level group; **, Chi-square test. Prophylaxis strategies were compared among the 4 risk level groups in each RAM; ***, 95% confidence interval for VTE incidence. G-Caprini, gynecologic Caprini; VTE, venous thromboembolism; RAM, risk assessment model.

Relationship between VTE incidence and risk levels according to RAMs

Because all the patients in this database received VTE prophylaxis, we compared the prophylaxis strategies between the two RAMs in the level 2–4 groups (P value =0.197, 0.089 and 0.418, respectively); there was no statistical significance. Then we compared prophylaxis strategies among the 4 risk level groups, and no statistical significance was found in the Caprini RAM (P=0.098) and G-Caprini RAM (P=0.928). Between the Caprini RAM and VTE incidence, the Spearman’s RS value was 0.500 (P=0.667). There was no statistical significance and it was not a monotonic functional relationship between risk stratification and VTE incidence. Between the G-Caprini RAM and VTE incidence, the RS value was 1.000 (P<0.01), which was a significant monotonic functional relationship between risk stratification and VTE incidence.

Applicability of RAMs in gynecologic oncology patients

The risk stratification for gynecologic oncology patients is presented in . With the Caprini RAM, 98.5% of the 270 patients with malignant disease were categorized as level 4. All 24 VTE patients were in the level 4 group. With the G-Caprini RAM, 19 (7.0%) patients were in the level 1 group, 64 (23.7%) patients were in level 2, 71 (26.3%) patients were in level 3, and 116 (43.0%) patients were in level 4. The respective VTE incidence in the level 1–4 groups were 0%, 1.6%, 7.0%, and 15.5%. There was a significant difference in the increased VTE incidence (P=0.005).

Table 4

Risk stratification of the gynecologic oncology patients

Risk category	Caprini									G-Caprini								P value
	No. of patients (%)	Observed VTE (%)	95% CI*** (%)	Different prophylaxis strategy groups						No. of patients (%)	Observed VTE (%)	95% CI*** (%)	Different prophylaxis strategy groups
				A	B	C	D	P value					A	B	C	D	P value
Level 1	0 (0)	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.528**		19 (7.0)	0 (0)	–	4	6	5	4	0.674**	–
Level 2	1 (0.4)	0 (0)	–	0	1	0	0			64 (23.7)	1 (1.6)	−1.5 to 4.5	9	18	13	24		0.631*
Level 3	3 (1.1)	0 (0)	–	1	1	1	0			71 (26.3)	5 (7.0)	0.9–13.1	17	12	18	24		0.538*
Level 4	266 (98.5)	24 (9.0)	5.6–12.5	54	62	65	85			116 (43.0)	18 (15.5)	8.8–22.2	25	28	30	33		0.922*

*, Chi-square test. Prophylaxis strategies were compared between the two RAMs in each risk level group; **, Fisher’s exact test and Chi-square test. Prophylaxis strategies were compared among the 4 risk level groups in each RAM; ***, 95% confidence interval for VTE incidence. G-Caprini, gynecologic Caprini; VTE, venous thromboembolism; RAM, risk assessment model.

Discussion

In this study, we found that the G-Caprini RAM was as suitable as the Caprini RAM for VTE risk assessment in gynecologic surgical patients. Furthermore, the G-Caprini RAM is easy to use and more accurately identified low-risk patients.

In the Caprini RAM version recommended by the ACCP, patients were classified into four risk categories, and in this study, none of the patients was at risk level 1. However, with the G-Caprini RAM, 7.8% of patients were categorized into risk level 1, and the VTE incidence was 0%. A study by Solomon et al. (21) had a similar result. In their study, most women were at risk level 3 or 4, but actually, the overall VTE incidence was as low as 0.3%. The problem is that the Caprini RAM failed to identify patients who were at the lowest risk.

In our study, using the Caprini RAM the level 4 group had a 3.9-fold increased VTE incidence compared to the level 3 group (P=0.01). However, the level 3 group had a higher Caprini score than the level 2 group but a lower VTE incidence (P=0.565). The RS value was 0.500 (P=0.667). With the G-Caprini RAM, the level 3 group had a 4.3-fold increased VTE incidence than the level 2 group (P=0.038), and the level 4 group had a 2.3-fold increased VTE incidence than the level 3 group (P=0.007). The VTE incidence increased significantly with increasing risk category. The RS value was 1.000 (P<0.001). The risk stratification based on the G-Caprini RAM had a strong relationship with the VTE incidence and provided more accurate prediction compared with the Caprini RAM, which classified only 34 patients as level 2 (). We think this disadvantage of Caprini RAM should be explained. A better designed prospective study should be conducted to make clear the relationship between Caprini risk stratification and the true VTE incidence in gynecologic surgical patients.

presents our data of gynecologic oncology surgical patients for readers to compare with their own data. In some literature published previously (16,17,22), the majority (92.0–96.9%) of gynecologic oncology surgical patients were classified by the Caprini RAM into the highest risk group. Our study had a consistent outcome of 98.5% of patients at highest risk. Although all VTE events were successfully predicted, we could not decide the prophylaxis strategies according to the Caprini RAM because almost all the patients were at the same risk level. By the G-Caprini RAM, this subgroup of gynecologic surgical patients had a more reasonable distribution of risk stratification with a significantly increased VTE incidence (P=0.005).

In this study, we identified two disadvantages of the Caprini RAM when using it for gynecologic surgical patients. The first was the features of the gynecologic surgical procedures. Risk factors in the Caprini RAM that were relevant to gynecologic surgical procedures were minor surgery, major open surgery (>45 min) and laparoscopic surgery (>45 min). Both major open surgery (>45 min) and laparoscopic surgery (>45 min) had a value of 2 points. However, a study by Barber et al. indicated that for patients undergoing hysterectomy for benign conditions, minimally invasive surgery was a positive independent risk factor for decreased VTE incidence when compared to open surgery (23). The difference in VTE risk between open surgery and minimally invasive surgery has also been confirmed in gynecologic oncology patients (24). These original purpose of these two criteria in the Caprini RAM was to differentiate medical and surgical patients, so it was not reasonable to assign them the same value when assessing gynecologic surgical patients. On the other hand, malignancy, which scored 2 points in the Caprini RAM, was not an independent risk factor of VTE for gynecologic surgical patients. Gynecologic oncologic surgeries are not necessarily complex surgeries (25,26). In a study by Kumar et al., VTE incidence after minimally invasive surgery for endometrial and cervical cancer was as low as 0.5% (27). However, nearly all the patients with malignant disease in our current study were in the highest risk level group according to the Caprini RAM.

The second disadvantage was the risk stratification strategy itself based on the Caprini RAM. All of the patients with a Caprini score ≥5 were categorized into the same “highest risk” group in the ACCP recommendations (9), but Barber et al. revealed that an increasing Caprini score was highly associated with VTE incidence for patients with a Caprini score ≥5 (16). The same result was reported by Bahl et al. (13) who conducted their study in general, vascular, and urologic surgery populations, with respective VTE incidence according to Caprini scores 5–6, 7–8, and ≥9 of 1.33%, 2.58%, and 6.51%. VTE incidence increased significantly with increasing Caprini score. Therefore, a cut-off point at score 5 might not be reasonable, especially for gynecologic oncologic surgical patients, so a new risk stratification strategy with adjusted cut-off points might avoid the current situation with the Caprini RAM.

The G-Caprini RAM was proposed in 2015 (18), and we have validated it in this study. The G-Caprini RAM successfully categorized patients into different risk levels with a significant odds ratio of VTE incidence between the different risk level groups. This RAM contains only six criteria, which makes it more practicable. Some factors, including stroke (<1 month), acute spinal cord injury (<1 month), sepsis (<1 month), serious lung disease, abnormal pulmonary function, acute myocardial infarction, and congestive heart failure (<1 month), which are highly related to VTE events, and others including a history of VTE, family history of VTE, factor V Leiden, prothrombin 20210A, lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin antibodies, elevated serum homocysteine, HIT, and other congenital or acquired thrombophilia that were relevant to VTE disease have not been included in the G-Caprini RAM, but these factors are rare in gynecologic patients and any patients with these factors should be considered separately. Thus, the omissions do not affect the applicability to common gynecologic surgical patients.

The two RAMs also had their advantages. For the Caprini RAM, it covered more factors, which made it not easy to miss special conditions or diseases in clinical practice. Besides, it had been used in surgical and non-surgical departments for many years, making it easier to promote and unify among different departments in hospitals. For the G-Caprini RAM, the main advantage was concise. Containing only 6 criteria makes the scale easy to use. Since it was generated from gynecological patients, the same effectiveness can be achieved even the number of criteria is reduced.

The strengths of this study are as follows. Firstly, VTE screening was performed in every patient, so the VTE incidence is close to the true value. In fact, 71.4–72.5% of the VTE patients were asymptomatic (18,28). In many studies, only patients with VTE-relevant symptoms are imaged, which explains why the VTE incidence in this study was higher than reported elsewhere (29). Secondly, it was clear which patient received which prophylaxis strategy, and between the two RAMs and among the different risk level groups, no significant difference was found for the prophylaxis strategies. Thirdly, the data were prospectively collected in a RCT. Possible biases were well controlled.

We acknowledge several limitations. Firstly, data for some criteria in the Caprini RAM were missing, including factor V Leiden, prothrombin 20210A, lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin antibodies, and elevated serum homocysteine. But they were rare in the study population, and might have little effect on the overall results. Secondly, seriously ill patients, including those with sepsis (<1 month), serious lung disease (including pneumonia) (<1 month), abnormal pulmonary function, acute myocardial infarction, and congestive heart failure (<1 month) were initially excluded. Although this patient group is not common among gynecologic patients and seemed to be at the highest risk level, whether this group of gynecologic surgery patients should be directly classified as the highest risk level remains to be proven.

Anticoagulant therapy is the main therapy for VTE. It contains the acute phase of the first 5–10 days, a maintenance phase of at least 3 months, and an extended phase beyond this period. Pulmonary embolism complicated with hemodynamic instability contributes to a high mortality and requires immediate thrombolytic agents. For patients with contraindications to anticoagulation, a vena cava filter should be used. Treatment of VTE can cause a heavy burden for patients, thus, prevention is particularly important. In the ACCP recommendations, VTE prophylaxes are recommended for patients according to risk stratification strategies based on RAMs. The Caprini RAM has been widely validated and used in other fields. In contrast, the G-Caprini RAM is novel, but is specialized for gynecologic surgical patients. In this study, the G-Caprini RAM successfully identified patients who were at the lowest risk and presented a more reasonable VTE incidence gradient. In conclusion, the G-Caprini RAM was as suitable as the Caprini RAM for VTE risk assessment in gynecologic surgical patients. More studies are needed to validate the G-Caprini RAM, which does have the advantages of ease of use and more accurate identification of low-risk groups.

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