Diffuse invasive signet ring cell carcinoma in total colorectum caused by ulcerative colitis: A case report and review of literature.

BACKGROUND: Diffuse invasive signet ring cell carcinoma of the colorectum is extremely rare clinically. This type of colorectal cancer has certain clinical, pathological and biological characteristics that are different from ordinary colorectal cancer. CASE
SUMMARY: A 31-year-old young woman was admitted to the hospital for nearly 1 wk due to recurrent symptoms of mucopurulent bloody stools and abdominal distension. Preoperative colonoscopy showed a ring-shaped intestinal wall mass 10 cm from the rectum to the anus. Three pieces of tumor tissue were removed for examination. The pathological results showed rectal mucinous adenocarcinoma. The patient underwent laparoscopic exploration under general anesthesia, and then laparoscopic total colorectal resection, ileal pouch-anal anastomosis and ileostomy were performed. The patient was switched to a FOLFOX + cetuximab regimen. After the fifth cycle, the patient was unable to tolerate further treatment due to tumor progression and multiple organ dysfunction, and died at the end of May 2020. Overall survival was 7 mo.
CONCLUSION: Carcinogenesis of ulcerative colitis is different from sporadic colon cancer, and the overall prognosis is extremely poor. ©The Author(s) 2022. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

Core tip: Primary signet-ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) of the colorectum is extremely rare clinically. This type of colorectal cancer has certain clinical, pathological and biological characteristics that are different from ordinary colorectal cancer. We report a rare case of ulcerative colitis leading to diffuse infiltrating SRCC of the colorectum, and review the relevant literature studying the disease.

INTRODUCTION

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic nonspecific disease that is immune mediated and has multiple causes[1]. The disease was previously thought to be prevalent in western countries, with a prevalence of about 79–268/105 per year[2]; however, the number of cases reported in China has gradually increased in recent years, and it has become a more common gastrointestinal disease. The inflammation of the disease occurs mostly in the colonic mucosa and submucosa, usually involving the rectum first, then spreading to the entire colon. Typical clinical manifestations of the disease include mucopurulent bloody stools, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. A retrospective analysis of a large sample of cases of UC in China in 2007 found that extraintestinal manifestations were rare, causing only 0.4% of cases of colon cancer[3], and about 15% of patients with UC required colectomy[4]. In this paper, we report a rare case of UC leading to diffuse infiltrating signet ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) of the colorectum, and review the relevant literature.

CASE PRESENTATION

Chief complaints

A 31-year-old young woman presented with bloody stools.

History of present illness

The patient was admitted to the hospital for nearly 1 wk due to recurrent symptoms of mucopurulent bloody stools and abdominal distension.

History of past illness

The patient presented to the local hospital 8 years ago with symptoms of mucopurulent bloody stools and abdominal distension. After colonoscopy, she was diagnosed with UC. After taking prednisone acetate tablets orally for > 1 mo and sulfasalazine enteric coated tablets orally for about 1 year according to the doctor’s advice, the symptom of bloody stools was largely controlled, and no review or further treatment was performed.

Personal and family history

The patient had no specific history of genetic diseases.

Physical examination

The whole abdomen had mild tenderness and no rebound pain. Digital rectal examination: No obvious mass was palpable on the fingertips, and the fingertips were stained with blood.

Laboratory examinations

Tumor markers: carcinoembryonic antigen: 16.03 ng/mL↑, cancer antigen 72-4: 17.94 U/mL↑. The patient underwent genetic testing before surgery (gene capture hybridization combined with high-throughput sequencing technology). Reference genome: GRCH37/hg19. The number of target genes exceeded 20000. The results are shown in Tables 1 and 2. A test found that the patient’s tumor mutational burden (TMB) was 26.2/Mb. A high TMB type that suggested that the patient was more likely to benefit from PD-1 antibody monotherapy.

Table 1

Mutations of gene detection results

Mutant gene	Abundance (%)	Exon	cDNA	Protein	Type
MTOR	0.61	47	c.6617A>G	p.N2206S	Non-synonymous
HRAS	0.85	2	c.81T>C	p.H27H	Synonymous
SLCO1B1	0.79	6	c.597C>T	p.F199F	Synonymous
AKT1	0.57	3	c.103T>C	p.F35L	Non-synonymous
TP53	0.5	8	c.840A>G	p.R280R	Synonymous
STK11	0.51	4	c.524A>T	p.K175M	Non-synonymous
	0.51	4	c.530T>C	p.I177T	Non-synonymous
XRCC1	0.66	10	c.1196A>G	p.Q399R	Non-synonymous
VHL	13.95	2	c.T355C	p.F119L	Non-synonymous
XRCC1	10.34	6	c.C580T	p.R194W	Non-synonymous

Table 2

Mutations of gene detection results

Gene	Mutation detection results
KRAS	Wild
NRAS	Wild
BRAF	Wild
NTRK	Not detected
BAT25	Not detected
BAT26	Not detected
NR21	Not detected
NR24	Not detected
NR27	Not detected

Imaging examinations

Preoperative colonoscopy: A ring-shaped intestinal wall mass was seen 10 cm from the rectum to the anus (Figure 1). Three pieces of tumor tissue were removed for examination. The pathological results showed rectal mucinous adenocarcinoma.

Figure 1

Preoperative colonoscopy. The surface showed nodular or cauliflower-like changes; the rectal mucosa was congested and showed edema; the surface showed longitudinal changes, with many scattered small ulcers and a little mucus-like white coating on the surface or a small amount of bleeding. The intestinal cavity was so narrow that the endoscope was unable to pass.

Preoperative computed tomography (CT): There were no obvious abnormalities in the scan of the chest and upper and lower abdomen. The enhanced CT scan of the pelvis showed that the rectal wall thickened uniformly in stages, visibly strengthened mucosal layer, blurred fat spaces around the intestines, and a small amount of effusion (Figure 2).

Figure 2

Preoperative computed tomography examination. A: The rectal wall thickened uniformly in stages, and the intestinal cavity was obviously narrowed; B: The rectal mucosal layer was obviously strengthened (the area indicated by the white arrow, 2019/11/28).

FINAL DIAGNOSIS

Rectal cancer caused by UC.

TREATMENT

After discussion by the multidisciplinary team for gastrointestinal tumors in our hospital, the patient underwent laparoscopic exploration under general anesthesia on December 2, 2019. During the operation, there was inflammatory exudative ascites in the abdominal and pelvic cavity, obvious inflammatory hyperplasia and edema throughout the entire sigmoid colon and rectum, cancerous umbilical changes at the peritoneal reflection in the middle of the rectum, and obvious dilation and edema of part of the bowel. Scattered small patchy changes could be seen on the surface of the mesentery (Figure 3). Tissue was taken from the peritoneal reflex and sent for pathological examination, which showed SRCC. Laparoscopic total colorectal resection, ileal pouch–anal anastomosis (IPAA) and ileostomy were performed.

Figure 3

Gross specimen after surgery. The excised intestine had a length of 67 cm and a diameter of 3.5-7.5 cm. The intestine was cut along the opposite side of the mesentery. There were multiple congestions with superficial ulcers on the mucosal surface of the intestinal canal, with a segmental distribution. The wall of the tube 1-16 cm from the rectal stump was diffusely thickened and stiff, with a wall thickness of about 1.2 cm, and the mucosae were polypoid and fused with each other.

Postoperative pathological examination: The rectum and entire colon showed diffuse invasive SRCC. Rectal tumors invaded the submesangial adipose tissue, and colon tumors were confined to the mucosa and submucosa. Intravascular tumor thrombus and nerve invasion could be seen. The full thickness of the appendix showed SRCC, with visible metastasis to lymph nodes around the bowel (36/37) (Figure 4). The pathological stage was IVB (TNM).

Figure 4

Postoperative pathological section. A and B: Tumor cells infiltrated the tissue stroma. They were rich in cytoplasm and full of mucus, and the nucleus was squeezed on the side of the cytoplasm, resembling a signet ring (hematoxylin and eosin, 10 ×); C: Tumor cells invaded the colonic mucosa and submucosa, and the polarity of the glandular epithelial cells was still normal; D: Tumor cells invaded the entire thickness of the appendix; E: Ki-67 > 90% in the hotspot area; F: The tissue stroma of the upper rectum near the peritoneum reflex was filled with tumor cells, so an intestinal origin was considered in combination with morphology.

The patient started XELOX chemotherapy on the day 23 after surgery (oxaliplatin: Intravenous infusion for 3 h, day 1; capecitabine: Oral, 2 times/d, days 1-14). The first cycle of chemotherapy ended on January 7, 2020. Follow-up treatment was carried out at the local hospital.

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

Due to the impact of the COVID-19, the time for patients to receive follow-up chemotherapy was delayed by about 6 wk. After the end of the third cycle of chemotherapy, the patient was examined by imaging, the effects were evaluated as progressive disease, and the patient was switched to a FOLFOX + cetuximab regimen. After the fifth cycle, the patient was unable to tolerate further treatment due to tumor progression and multiple organ dysfunction, and died at the end of May 2020. Overall survival was 7 mo.

DISCUSSION

SRCC is a rare histological subtype of adenocarcinoma[5] that contains abundant intracytoplasmic mucin that displaces the nuclei to the periphery, thereby giving the characteristic appearance of an SRC[6]. Primary SRCC of the colon is extremely rare[7]. A study in the 20th century[8] found that only 11 cases of primary SRCC of the colon were found out of 12000 cases of primary colon cancer, with an incidence rate < 1/1000 cases of common colorectal adenocarcinoma. In about 80% of cases[9], the lesions are seen in the left colon at the distal end of the splenic flexure. This rare colorectal cancer has certain clinical, pathological and biological characteristics that are different from those of ordinary colorectal cancer, and which can be recognized as a stage-independent prognostic factor for adverse outcomes in colorectal cancer[10]. Following Laufman and Saphir[11] who first reported SRCC that occurred in the colon in 1951, new cases have been continuously reported[12-16]. Most cases are basically similar in general type, consisting of invasive tumors involving the entire thickness of the colon or rectal wall, leading to obvious thickening and induration. The lesions generally infiltrate the entire cecal wall and involve the proximal part of the appendix. Due to the infiltrative growth and highly aggressive nature of the tumor, most patients are found at an advanced stage, and the overall prognosis is extremely poor[13]. The difference between this patient and previous cases is that she had a clear history of UC, protracted course of disease and irregular follow-up treatment, providing a suitable environment for the later occurrence and development of tumors. Pontes et al[17] also reported a similar case to the present one: That patient had a 9-year history of UC, and although undergoing close endoscopic examination and treatment, he was eventually diagnosed with cancer. The pathological examination of the excised specimen showed SRCC of the sigmoid colon. Current research suggests that the occurrence of carcinoma in UC is positively correlated with the duration, degree of inflammation and extent of involvement of the patient[18]; and its occurrence and development experience the process of inflammation-low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia to high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia-carcinogenesis[19], which is different from the mode of gene mutation adenoma canceration of sporadic colorectal cancer[20]. In the same way, the mismatch repair proteins (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2) in this patient were all positive and microsatellite stable, and no mutations closely related to colorectal cancer were detected by genetic testing, yet advanced bowel cancer was detected at such a young age. In addition to the rarity of the case itself, it was more related to the history of UC.

As mentioned earlier, UC is a major type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In the past two decades, the overall incidence of UC in China has been increasing year by year[3], but a consensus has not yet been reached on the exact pathogenesis. It is now believed that a combination of genetic, environmental, intestinal flora and host immune system factors contribute to the development of the disease[21-24]. Studies have shown[25,26] that 8%-14% of patients with UC have a family history of IBD, and the risk of first-degree relatives suffering from the disease is four times higher than that of the general population. To date, genome-wide association studies have confirmed the presence of nearly 200 disease risk genes for IBD; most of which can cause both UC and Crohn’s disease[27,28]. At present, research on IBD susceptibility genes is mainly focused on Crohn’s disease, and the internal molecular mechanism of the pathogenesis of UC has not been fully elucidated[29]. Compared with Crohn’s disease, UC has a weaker correlation with disease inheritance. Mantovani found that combination of CXC motif chemokine ligand (CXCL) 1 and CXC motif chemokine receptor (CXCR) 2 participates in the malignant behavior of solid and hematological tumors, and these two ligands indirectly act on tumor angiogenesis by regulating the transport of leukocytes that produce angiogenic factors and a variety of inflammatory cytokines[30]. The CXCL1/CXCR2 signaling pathway can regulate inflammation, promote tumor cell proliferation, invasion and transvascular metastasis, and play an important role in the progression of inflammation[31]. In animal experiments, Thaker et al[32] found that IDO1 indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO)-1 metabolites activate β-catenin signaling to promote the proliferation of mouse cancer cells and induce colitis-related tumors in mice, indicating that IDO1 may play an important role in the progression of colon cancer caused by UC. In addition, the lack of cell regulatory factors, especially anti-inflammatory factors, plays an increasingly important role in the pathogenesis of UC[33-35]. In a study of nearly 2000 subjects, Franke tested > 400000 single nucleotide polymorphisms through genome-wide association and found that interleukin-10 dysfunction is the core cause of UC[36]. With the gradual deepening of research, new susceptibility genes are constantly being discovered, but genetic studies can only explain 7.5% of the disease differences, and the correlation between UC genotype and clinical phenotype is not clear[28,37], indicating that the disease has obvious genetic heterogeneity and a complex genetic background.

CONCLUSION

Primary SRCC of the colorectum is extremely rare clinically. This type of colorectal cancer has certain clinical, pathological and biological characteristics that are different from ordinary colorectal cancer.