Presentation and outcomes of acute appendicitis during COVID-19 pandemic: lessons learned from the Middle East-a multicentre prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic had a striking impact on healthcare services in the world. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the presentation management and outcomes of acute appendicitis (AA) in different centers in the Middle East.
METHODS: This multicenter cohort study compared the presentation and outcomes of patients with AA who presented during the COVID-19 pandemic in comparison to patients who presented before the onset of the pandemic. Demographic data, clinical presentation, management strategy, and outcomes were prospectively collected and compared.
RESULTS: Seven hundred seventy-one patients presented with AA during the COVID pandemic versus 1174 in the pre-COVID period. Delayed and complex presentation of AA was significantly more observed during the pandemic period. Seventy-six percent of patients underwent CT scanning to confirm the diagnosis of AA during the pandemic period, compared to 62.7% in the pre-COVID period. Non-operative management (NOM) was more frequently employed in the pandemic period. Postoperative complications were higher amid the pandemic as compared to before its onset. Reoperation and readmission rates were significantly higher in the COVID period, whereas the negative appendicectomy rate was significantly lower in the pandemic period (p = 0.0001).
CONCLUSION: During the COVID-19 pandemic, a remarkable decrease in the number of patients with AA was seen along with a higher incidence of complex AA, greater use of CT scanning, and more application of NOM. The rates of postoperative complications, reoperation, and readmission were significantly higher during the COVID period.

Introduction

Acute appendicitis (AA) is the most common cause of acute right iliac fossa (RIF) pain in young patients across the world [1]. The lifetime risk of development of AA is estimated to be approximately 8% [1-4]. AA can be divided into uncomplicated and complicated with either perforation, abscess, peritonitis, or mass [4-8].

Many scoring systems were described to aid in the diagnosis of AA. The Alvarado scoring system is the most widely used score [2]; however, it is not the most performing and cannot differentiate between complicated and uncomplicated AA, especially in the elderly [3]. To confirm the diagnosis of AA, imaging modalities such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) scan, and magnetic resonance imaging are often used [3, 4].

Although appendectomy is considered to be the gold standard treatment of uncomplicated AA; antibiotic therapy may be a viable alternative to surgery [9-11]. In carefully selected patients with uncomplicated AA, the use of antibiotics first seems to be safe and successful. At 5 years of follow-up after non-operative management (NOM), recurrence of appendicitis may be recorded in up to 39% of patients [4, 11–15].

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has placed tremendous pressure on the healthcare systems and organizations across the world, with direct and indirect implications for patient care. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), on December 2021, there have been 263,563,622 confirmed cases of COVID-19, including 5,232,562 deaths [16].

Perioperative transmission of COVID-19 has been a great concern during the pandemic; therefore NOM of AA was suggested as a convenient alternative as per expert advice. With the outbreak of the COVID-19, the management of AA was gradually shifted to a more conservative approach [17-25].

While former studies investigated the impact of the pandemic on the management and outcome of AA, most of these studies were based in Western countries [19-25]. The present study aimed to have a Middle East perspective on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the presentation, management, and outcome of AA and to determine whether it had a different pattern to what has been reported in previous studies. Our hypothesis was that COVID-19 may have had a significant impact on the presentation and outcome of acute appendicitis in the Middle East region, similar to that reported in Western countries. We hypothesized that a reduction in the rate of appendicitis admission during COVID era, an increase in the complexity of AA presentation, and shift of the management paradigm would be observed as compared to the pre-COVID period.

Patients and methods

Study design and strategy

This was a multicenter cohort study that was conducted on patients with AA. The study included data of patients managed at four referral hospitals in two Middle-Eastern countries (Egypt and KSA). The hospitals were urban referral hospitals, serving a population size ranging from two to six million people. Health care for AA was provided for patients free of charge, as a part of the emergency service covered by health insurance in the respective countries.

Patients included in the study were subdivided according to the period of inclusion into group 1, pre-COVID period (March 2019–March 2020), and group 2, COVID period (March 2020–March 2021). Using a computerized patient archive, data were reviewed retrospectively before the COVID pandemic and prospectively during the COVID pandemic.

After careful consideration of the nature of AA as well as possible treatment options and their complications, all patients signed informed consent forms to be a part of this report. The protocol was accepted by the research ethics committees of the participating centers. The study was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov under special identifier NCT05104346.

Management strategy

Patients presented to the emergency department were transferred to the emergency surgical service for further assessment and management. Preoperative assessment included physical examination, complete blood count, and imaging by abdominal ultrasound (US) or abdominal CT scanning. Based on the initial clinical presentation and investigations, Alvarado scores were calculated for every patient [2].

Simple or uncomplicated appendicitis is defined as a phlegmonous inflamed appendix without signs of necrosis, perforation, or abscess, whereas complex or complicated appendicitis had focal or transmural necrosis, which eventually led to perforation that can result in peritonitis or localized abscess [26].

AA was managed by either NOM or appendectomy. NOM was first attempted and if failed, appendectomy was performed. There was no official declaration of the preference of the NOM approach in the participating hospitals, but this was approved based upon the recommendation of society guidelines that considered NOM safe and effective, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic.

NOM was undertaken in the hospital for the first 48 h, according to the presentation of the patients and response to treatment. NOM entailed strict observation of patients and using antibiotics (Amoxicillin/clavulanate1.2–2.2 g 6-hourly and metronidazole 500 mg 6-hourly). The antibiotics were administered intravenously for a minimum of 48 h in the inpatient setting, and then oral antibiotics were given for 7–10 days on an outpatient basis [4]. The insertion of an intra-abdominal drain guided by US or CT scan was referred to as interventional radiology (IR). Surgical treatment included open or laparoscopic appendectomy. The first line of treatment was conservative management with either antibiotic and/or IR drainage. If failed, treatment was then shifted to surgery 2 days after the initial evaluation.

Postoperative pathologic examination of the postoperative specimens classified acute appendicitis into catarrhal, suppurative, and gangrenous and identified appendix with a normal histology.

Follow-up

Follow-up appointments were scheduled at 1 week and 1, 3, and 6 months after surgery. Follow-up assessments included clinical assessment, complete blood count, and abdominal imaging to assess for any complications.

Study outcomes

The primary outcome was the management strategy of AA (either NOM or surgery) with assessment of their outcome.

Secondary outcomes included the clinical presentation, Alvarado score, postoperative complications classified by Dindo et al. classification [27], operation time, reoperation, readmission, hospital stay, mortality, postoperative pathology (catarrhal, suppurative, and gangrenous), and negative appendicectomy rate.

Data collected

The following data were collected: patient demographics, clinical presentation, radiological findings, management strategy, operative records, postoperative morbidities, duration of hospital stay, pathological findings, rate of negative appendicectomy, readmission to the hospital, reoperation, and mortality.

Statistical analysis

Data for categorical variables were expressed as numbers and proportions, while continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation (SD). All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 17™ (IBM corp., Chicago, IL, USA). Student t test was used for processing continuous variables and Fisher exact test or Chi-square test was used to process categorical variables. p value < 0.05 was considered significant. Significant variables were analyzed by a binary logistic regression multivariate model to determine the independent predictors of postoperative complications. The independent predictors were expressed as odds ratios (OR) with their 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Results

Demographic data

This multicentric study included 1174 patients with AA in the pre-COVID period and 771 patients in the COVID period. Both groups were comparable with no significant differences in the mean age, gender, BMI, and medical comorbidities (Table 1).

Table 1

Demographic data

Variables	Pre-COVID period1174 (60.4%) patients	COVID period771 (39.6%) patients	P values
Country
Egypt	608 (61.8%)	376 (38.2%)	0.19
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia	566 (58.9%)	395 (41.1%)
Mean age (years)	28.83 ± 12.75 (12–75)	29.71 ± 11.7 (12–72)	0.13
Sex
Male	718 (61.2%)	482 (62.5%)	0.57
Female	456 (38.8%)	289 (37.5%)
Symptoms
Abdominal pain	1174 (100%)	771 (100%)	1
Vomiting	646 (55%)	403 (52%)	0.23
Anorexia	761 (64.8%)	478 (62%)	0.21
Tenderness in RIF	848 (72.2%)	521 (74.3%)	0.13
Rebound tenderness RIF	786 (65.4%)	501 (65%)	0.81
Alvarado scoring	7.29 ± 1.44 (3–10)	7.52 ± 1.53 (3–10)	0.001
Low risk ≥ 4	95 (8.1%)	35 (4.5%)
Moderate risk 5–7	345 (29.4%)	211 (27.4%)	0.003
High risk 8–10	734 (62.5%)	525 (68.1%)
Mean total leucocyte count	11.84 ± 11.85 (5–27)	12.11 ± 3.47 (6–28)	0.09
Radiological imaging
None	281 (23.9%)	110 (14.3%)
Ultrasound	157 (13.4%)	75 (9.7%)	0.0001
Abdominal CT	736 (62.7%)	586 (76%)
Type of presentation
Non-complicated appendicitis	1061 (90.4%)	663 (86%)
Complicated appendicitis	113 (9.6%)	108 (14%)	0.02
Management
Successful non-operative management	43 (3.7%)	124 (16.1%)
Antibiotics-only	10 (0.85%)	96 (12.5%)	0.0001
Interventional radiology	33 (2.8%)	37 (4.8%)
Surgical treatment	1131 (96.3%)	647 (83.9%)

Radiological imaging

Radiological imaging was used to confirm AA in 893/1174 (76.1%) patients in the pre-COVID period and 661/771 (85.7%) patients in the COVID period (p = 0.0001). Radiological imaging included abdominal CT and US. Abdominal CT scan was the main imaging modality used in both groups (Table 1).

Clinical presentation

There was no significant difference between the two groups as regards to the clinical symptoms (abdominal pain, anorexia, vomiting), signs, and total leucocytic count. The mean Alvarado score was significantly higher in the COVID period than in the pre-COVID period (Table 1). Complicated AA and delayed presentation after 72 h from the onset of symptoms were more significantly recorded in the COVID period than in the pre-COVID period (Table 2). Of the 1174 patients, 113 (9.6%) were presented with complicated AA in pre-COVID period (33 patients with abscess, 75 with generalized peritonitis, and 5 with mass), while 108/771 (14%) patients were presented with complicated AA in COVID era (37 patients with abscess, 64 with generalized peritonitis, and 7 with mass). Figure 1 illustrates the differences in clinical presentation between the two groups.

Table 2

Operative data of patients who underwent appendectomy

Variables	Pre-COVID period 1131 patients	COVID period 647 patients	P value
Country
Egypt	636 (70.5%)	266 (29.5%)	0.0001
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia	495 (56.5%)	381 (43.5%)
Mean Time from presentation to surgery (hours)	16.97 ± 10.53	19.9 ± 13.79	0.0001
Surgery within 24 h (early presentation)	1075 (95%)	533 (82.4%%)
Surgery 24–72 (borderline presentation)	30 (2.7%)	65 (10%)	0.0001
Surgery after > 72 h (delayed presentation)	26 (2.3%)	49 (7.6%)	0.0001
Presentation
Non-complicated appendicitis	1018 (90%)	539(83.3%)
Complicated appendicitis			0.02
Total	113 (10%)	108 (16.7%)
Peritoneal abscess	33 (2.9%)	37 (5.7%)
Peritonitis	75 (6.6%)	64 (9.9%)
Appendicular inflammatory Mass	5 (0.44%)	7 (10.8%)
Operative approach of appendicectomy
Open	639 (56.5%)	380 (58.7%)
Laparoscopic	492 (43.5%)	267 (41.3%)	0.35
Perforated appendix	95 (8.4%)	73 (11.3)	0.046
Site of perforation
Tip	68	55	0.11
Basal	27	18	0.11
Appendicular stump closure
Endoloop	392 (34.6%)	190 (29.4%)	0.0001
Stapled	76 (6.7%)	49 (7.6%)
Intracorporeal ligation	42 (3.7%)	33 (5.1%)
Open suture ligation	621 (54.9%)	375 (58%)
Drain at time of surgery	136 (12%)	114 (17.6%)	0.001
Mean operative time (minutes)	46.75 ± 8.34 (30–85)	47.38 ± 9.37 (30–90)	0.14

Fig. 1

Clinical presentations in COVID period and pre-COVID period

Management of AA

Non-operative management

Initial NOM was used in 52 (4.4%) patients in the pre-COVID period versus 131 (17%) in the COVID period (p < 0.0001). Successful NOM was reported in 43/52 patients in the pre-COVID period versus 124/131 patients in the COVID period (p = 0.02) (Fig. 2). Patients who did not respond to NOM underwent appendectomy.

Fig. 2

Flow chart for management of patients with AA in COVID period and pre-COVID period

Operative management

Of 1131 patients who underwent an appendectomy in the pre-COVID period, the procedure was done laparoscopically in 492 (43.5%) patients and via open approach in 639 (56.5%) patients. Of 647 patients who had an appendectomy in the COVID period, the procedure was done laparoscopically in 267 (41.3%) patients and via an open approach in 380 (58.7%) patients (p = 0.35) (Table 2).

When classified according to the time from symptoms to surgery:

Within 24 h of symptoms onset: 1075 (95%) patients in the pre-COVID period and 533 (82.4%) in the COVID period underwent an appendectomy.

Within 24–72 h of symptoms onset: 30 (2.6%) patients in the pre-COVID period and 65 (10%) patients in the COVID period underwent an appendectomy.

After 72 h from symptoms onset, 26 (2.3%) patients in the pre-COVID period and 49 (7.6%) patients in the COVID period underwent an appendectomy.

Surgical outcomes and complications

The mean hospital stay was significantly longer in the COVID period than in the pre-COVID period (3.57 ± 4.06 vs 2.9 ± 2.18 days; p = 0.0001). The rate of postoperative complications was significantly higher in the COVID period than before COVID (11.3% vs 5.8%, p = 0.0001). A summary of the postoperative complications according to the Clavien-Dindo classification is shown in Table 3. Intra-abdominal collection, ileus, wound infection, pulmonary embolism, and pulmonary complications after appendectomy were significantly more observed in the COVID period.

Table 3

Outcome of surgical treatment

Variables	Pre-COVID period	COVID period	P values
Mean hospital stay (days)	2.9 ± 2.18 (1–25)	3.57 ± 4.06 (1–28)	0.0001
Number of patients with complications	66 (5.8%)	73 (11.3%)	0.0001
Complication grade
I	26 (2.3%)	8 (1.2%)
II	30 (2.7%)	39 (6%)	0.0001
III	10 (0.9%)	26 (4%)
IV, V	0	0
Intra-abdominal collection	26 (2.3%)	58 (9%)	0.0001
Mean size of collection
< 5 cm	21	36
> 5 cm	5	22	0.05
Site of collection
Pelvic	15	40	0..33
Paracolic	11	18
Management of collection
Conservative	22	36
Interventional radiology	4	11	0.05
Operative	0	11
Ileus	26 (2.3%)	32 (4.9%)	0.003
Intestinal obstruction	6 (0.5%)	5 (0.8%)	0.53
Reoperation	6 (0.5%)	16 (2.5%)	0.0001
Indication for reoperation
Abdominal collection	0	11	0.004
Intestinal obstruction	6	5
Wound infection	12 (1.1%)	29 (4.5%)	0.0001
Pulmonary complications	14 (1.2%)	17 (2.6%)	0.03
DVT	7 (0.6%)	5 (0.8%)	0.7
Pulmonary embolism	2 (0.2%)	5 (0.8%)	0.05
Readmission	15 (1.3%)	19 (2.9%)	0.02
Indications for readmission
Collection	6	7
Intestinal obstruction	3	5	0.9
Wound infection	6	7
Postoperative pathology
Catarrhal appendicitis	268 (23.7%)	49 (7.6%)
Suppurative appendicitis	636 (56.2%)	404 (62.4%)	0.0001
Gangrenous appendicitis	128 (11.3%)	176 (27.2%)
Normal appendix	99 (8.8%)	18 (2.8%)

Reoperation within 30 days from appendectomy was required for 16 (2.5%) patients in the COVID period (5 had an intestinal obstruction and 11 had abdominal collection) as compared to 6 (0.5%) patients in the pre-COVID period (all 6 had an intestinal obstruction) (p = 00,001). Eleven patients required radiologic-guided drainage of abdominal collection in the COVID period as compared to four patients in the pre-COVID period (Table 3).

The readmission rate was higher in the COVID period than in the pre-COVID period (2.9% vs 1.3%, p = 0.02). Indications for readmission were intra-abdominal collection, severe wound infection, and intestinal obstruction as summarized in Table 3. Figure 3 illustrates the difference in operative outcomes between the two groups.

Fig. 3

Surgical outcomes in COVID period and pre-COVID period

Postoperative pathology and negative appendicectomy rate

According to postoperative histopathology, normal appendix histology was confirmed in 99 (8.8%) patients in the pre-COVID period versus 18 (2.8%) patients in the COVID period (p = 0.0001) (Table 3).

The rate of catarrhal appendicitis decreased from 23.7% in the pre-COVID period to 7.6% in the COVID period. Suppurative appendicitis accounted for 60% of cases and gangrenous appendicitis for 25.7% of cases in the COVID period as compared to 56.2% and 11.3% of cases in the pre-COVID period (p = 0.0001).

Factors associated with complications

Univariate analysis revealed seven variables that were significantly associated with the development of postoperative complications. These factors were the time of presentation, complex presentation, perforation of appendix, base status, operation time, postoperative pathology, and period at which patients presented (pre-COVID vs COVID). According to the multivariate logistic regression analysis, presentation during the COVID pandemic, delayed presentation, and perforation of the appendix were the independent predictors of the development of postoperative complications (Table 4).

Table 4

Univariate and multivariate analyses of complication occurrence

Variables	Univariate analysis			Multivariate binary logistic regression
	No complications1693 patients	Complication139 patients	P value	Sig.	Exp(B)	95% C.I. for EXP(B)
						Lower	Upper
Country
Egypt	831 (92.1%)	71 (7.9%)
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia	808 (92.2%)	68 (7.8%)	0.93
Mean age in years	29 ± 12.4	29.61 ± 13.55	0.58
Age group
12–39 years	1338 (92.1%)	114 (7.9%)
40–59 years	215 (93.7%)	17 (6.3%)
> 60	50 (86.2%)	8 (13.8%)	0.16
Sex
Male	1022 (91.9%)	90 (8.1%)
Female	617 (92.6%)	49 (7.4%)	0.58
Period
Pre-COVID	1065 (94.2%)	66 (5.8%)	0.0001	0.004	1.747	1.198	2.548
COVID	574 (88.7%)	73 (11.3%)
Mean Alverado score	7.41 ± 1.36	7.49 ± 1.27	0.51
Alvarado scoring
Low risk ≥ 4	93 (92.1%)	8 (7.9%)
Moderate risk 5–7	439 (93.8%)	29 (6.2%)	0.31
High risk 8–10	1107 (91.6%)	102 (8.4%)
Time from presentation to surgery (h)
Within 24 h (early presentation)	1493 (92.8%)	115 (7.2%)	0.001	0.013	Ref
24–72 (borderline presentation)	78 (82.1%)	17 (17.9%)		0.024	3.139	1.161	8.494
After > 72 h (late presentation)	68 (90.7%)	7 (9.3%)		0.006	2.307	1.272	4.186
Presentation
Non-complicated appendicitis	1494 (92.9%)	114 (7.1%)		0.234	Ref
Complicated appendicitis
Peritoneal abscess	18 (90%)	2 (10%)	0.004	0.104	0.533	0.250	1.139
Peritonitis	118 (84.9%)	21 (15.1%)		0.583	0.615	0.108	3.488
Appendicular mass	9 (81.8%)	2 (18.2%)		0.341	2.150	0.445	10.839
Mean leucocyte count	11.95 ± 3.33	12.26 ± 2.92	0.3
Approach
Laparoscopic	693 (91.3%)	66 (8.7%)	0.23
Open	946 (92.8%)	73 (7.2%)
Pathology of appendix
Catarrhal appendicitis	300 (94.6%)	17 (12.2%)		0.307	1.684	0.620	4.575
Suppurative appendicitis	961 (92.4%)	79 (7.6%)	0.003	0.499	1.257	0.648	2.437
Gangrenous appendicitis	266 (87.5%)	38 (12.5%)		0.509	1.164	0.742	1.828
Normal appendix	112 (95.7%)	5 (4.3%)		0.748	Ref
Perforation
Yes	133 (79.2%)	35 (20.8%)	0.0001	0.002	7.486	2.146	26.118
No	1506 (93.5%)	104 (9.6%)
Base status
Healthy	1491 (93.3%)	107 (6.7%)		0.771	Ref
Inflamed	108 (82.4%)	23 (17.6%)	0.0001	0.515	0.634	0.161	2.500
Necrotic	40 (81.8%)	9 (18.4%)		0.965	0.980	0.403	2.384
Mean operation time in minutes	46.75 ± 8.54	49.68 ± 10.4	0.002	0.474	0.992	0.970	1.014

Discussion

Clinical practice has changed dramatically amid the COVID-19 pandemic due to concerns about infection transmission, self-isolation/social distancing, shortage of PPE, and overwhelmed healthcare services [15-22]. The present study assessed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the management and outcomes of AA in the Middle East as compared to before the pandemic.

Our first observation was that the number of patients referred with AA during the pandemic was reduced by approximately one third, as compared to a parallel period before COVID-19. This could be explained by either selection bias since some patients with undiagnosed resolving appendicitis during the pandemic remain unreported or because many patients with abdominal pain were reluctant to seek medical care at the hospital as they were afraid of contracting COVID-19. Interestingly, while there was a marked reduction in appendicitis admissions in the Egyptian hospitals, only a slight reduction in admissions was seen in the Saudi hospitals. This difference may be related to different population numbers (6 million versus 2 million), different cultural factors, different healthcare systems with regard to referrals, and different insurance policies between the two countries.

The reduction in the rate of appendicitis admission may also explain the delayed presentation of patients with AA during the pandemic. We postulate that the mandatory confinement and lock-downs have caused delays in consultation, which may have impacted the postoperative outcomes of AA. Delayed presentation of AA has been already observed by other investigators in the COVID period and is often associated with a more severe condition and a higher risk of perforation and intra-abdominal infection [17, 18, 28–33]. Indeed, our study found that delayed presentation after 72 h from the onset of symptoms was significantly higher in the COVID period, and this was associated with more complicated AA than in the pre-COVID period.

Another interesting finding was that radiological investigations were increasingly used to confirm AA amid the pandemic as compared to before its onset. This may explain the lower rate of negative appendicectomy in the COVID period. The use of imaging to confirm the diagnosis of AA before proceeding to surgery, especially in clinically equivocal cases, has been linked to a lower rate of negative appendicectomy in the literature. Although a combination of clinical judgment and US is recommended for the diagnosis of AA, the sensitivity and accuracy of CT scanning are higher than clinical examination and US, and in addition US is mostly operator dependent. Therefore, the use of CT scanning has been favored and expanded considerably since the COVID pandemic [3–7, 17–21, 29, 33–40]. That is why CT scan was the main modality used to confirm the diagnosis of AA in our study.

A paradigm shift in the management of AA was noted during the pandemic. Although appendectomy has been always considered the gold standard for AA care [12], recent research indicates that NOM with antibiotics may be another feasible option. Several systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials evaluated the outcome of NOM for AA over the last decade. As the COVID-19 crisis has evolved, NOM of AA has become more widely adopted [8-13]. Antibiotics are not inferior to appendectomy according to the “CODA” trial [10], yet antibiotic-alone therapy is associated with a longer hospital stay, and nearly 30% of patients treated with antibiotics needed appendectomy within a year [34]. Another important aspect to consider is appendiceal malignancies that account for up to 2.5% of the appendectomy specimens. There is a concern that antibiotic-only treatment may cause a delay in the diagnosis and management of incidental malignancies [35, 36].

Uncomplicated AA should be treated conservatively during the COVID-19 pandemic, when possible, as per the recommendation of a recent meta-analysis. On the other hand, percutaneous drainage should be used to treat an appendicular abscess, whereas perforated appendicitis should be treated with an open approach [19, 20, 37]. Surgical societies have advocated an initial trial of NOM for AA based on the surgeon’s judgment and the patient’s situation due to the increased risks of appendectomy during the pandemic. Since then, many hospitals around the world have accepted NOM as the preferred approach for AA [20, 38–43].

Talan and Di Saverio [43] reported that NOM is associated with a shorter duration of disability than appendectomy, does not usually necessitate hospitalization, and is not related to an increased hazard of perforation. Clinical studies have found similar quality of life after NOM and appendectomy. However, the risk of recurrence of AA after NOM, estimated to be 30–40% in 5 years, should be considered, unlike appendectomy that virtually has zero recurrence rate. Recurrent AA may contribute to an increased rate of subsequent hospitalization after NOM. Patients should be informed of the benefits and drawbacks of each approach and should take part in decision-making.

In the current study, the rate of application and success of NOM was significantly higher in the COVID period than in the pre-COVID period. However, the implementation of NOM during the pandemic might be difficult, as recent studies have shown that AA has a more complicated pathology and a higher risk of perforation during the pandemic, most likely due to the delayed presentation. As a result, many patients with AA do not meet the requirements for NOM. Whether NOM can provide a feasible alternative to appendectomy in patients with AA during the pandemic, this warrants further investigation [38-45].

Laparoscopic appendectomy has many benefits over open surgery, including shorter recovery time and a lower rate of postoperative morbidities [10, 13, 14, 44–51]. In the early stages of the pandemic, open surgery was favored to reduce exposure without impacting operation time. To minimize healthcare worker exposure to virus particles in the peritoneal fluid and aerosolized virus in pneumoperitoneum, it was recommended to perform open rather than laparoscopic surgery [17–23, 47–54]. In the present study, appendectomy was laparoscopically performed in 43.5% of patients in the pre-COVID period versus 41.3% in the COVID period. It is notable that many patients were operated on via an open approach, and this is attributed to the limited resources in some of the participating hospitals that did not allow the use of laparoscopy in the emergency setting. Interestingly, COVID-19 did not have a significant impact on the use of laparoscopy in our region. This goes in line with some studies that could not isolate the virus from the peritoneal fluid in COVID-19-infected patients which renders the use of laparoscopy safe [46-56].

Regardless of the surgical technique, more complicated appendicitis was noted during the COVID period, as compared to the pre-COVID period. This could be explained by patients presenting late to the hospital because of fear during the COVID pandemic or people postponing surgery after failing NOM. Delayed surgery has been related to higher rates of perforation and complex AA [10, 19, 20, 49–55].

Postoperative complications were significantly more recorded in the COVID period. In most of the studies, the complication rate ranged from 10–14% in the COVID period to 5–8% in the pre-COVID period [48-53]. Most complications were minor and included incisional surgical site infections and seromas, with no mortality. Serious complications after appendectomy in the form of intestinal obstruction, intra-abdominal collection, ileus, and pulmonary embolism were significantly more recorded in the COVID period [20–27, 43–56]. This finding is mostly attributed to more complex and delayed presentation in the COVID period. When patients with AA postpone seeking medical care, usually at surgery there would be more peritonitis and free fluid which increase the odds of postoperative collection, infection, ileus, and complications overall [47-58]. Similarly, reoperation and readmission rates were significantly higher in the COVID period. The higher reoperation and readmission can be explained on the same basis as the higher complications; owing to more complex and delayed presentation of patients that results in higher complications that require re-intervention and readmission to manage.

Willms et al. [54] included a total of 1915 appendectomies from 41 hospitals in Germany and found that the rate of complicated appendicitis increased significantly in the COVID period, whereas the rate of negative appendectomies decreased significantly. However; postoperative morbidity and mortality did not change significantly as compared to before the pandemic.

In this study, the negative appendectomy rate was confirmed in 8.8% of patients in the pre-COVID period versus 2.8% in the COVID period (p = 0.0001). The lower negative appendectomy rate in the COVID period may be attributed to strict selection criteria, entailing an increased use of CT scans that were applied before appendectomy during the COVID-19 period. This was to avoid non-indicated surgery and unnecessary use of operation rooms and resources at these difficult times [31, 32, 53, 54, 59].

Finally, although the outcomes of this study were similar to what has been reported in previous studies from Western countries, there were no data on this topic presented from the Middle East before. This manuscript mainly presents a Middle-East perspective on a hot topic that is the management and outcome of AA during the pandemic. It would be useful for the international readers and surgeons to know different perspectives from different data sources around the world in order to determine what is similar and what is different which may help guide their management of AA during the pandemic.

Conclusions

During the COVID-19 pandemic, a significant decrease in the number of patients with AA was seen in the emergency department with a higher incidence of complex AA and delayed presentation. When compared to the pre-COVID period, the Alvarado score during the COVID period was higher. During the COVID period, radiological imaging of AA became increasingly used, and more NOM for AA was applied. No significant decrease in the use of laparoscopy during the pandemic was noted. The negative appendectomy rate was significantly lower in the COVID period. The rates of postoperative complications, reoperation, and readmission were significantly higher in the COVID period. Time of presentation and perforation were the independent predictors of postoperative complications.