| Literature DB >> 35137789 |
Edith Liliana Posada-Martínez1, Luis Gerardo Gonzalez-Barrera2, Kiera Liblik3, Juan Esteban Gomez-Mesa4, Clara Saldarriaga5,6, Juan Maria Farina7, Josefina Parodi8, Zier Zhou3, Manuel Martinez-Selles9, Adrian Baranchuk3.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Schistosomiasis is a Neglected Tropical Disease which may lead to cardiovascular (CV) complications. However, the CV involvement in schistosomiasis has yet to be fully elucidated due to the limited number of cases and lack of reliable evidence, as schistosomiasis typically occurs in locations without adequate infrastructure for robust data collection.Entities:
Mesh:
Year: 2022 PMID: 35137789 PMCID: PMC9368866 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20201384
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Arq Bras Cardiol ISSN: 0066-782X Impact factor: 2.667
Figura 1– Fluxograma da metodologia PRISMA.
– Sintomas e sinais de hipertensão arterial pulmonar associada à esquistossomose
| Sintomas | Sinais | |
|---|---|---|
| Hipertensão arterial pulmonar | ||
| Dispneia | Disfonia | |
| Fraqueza | Hemoptise | |
| Angina | Impulso paraesternal esquerdo | |
| Síncope | Componente pulmonar acentuado do segundo som cardíaco | |
| Tosse | Terceira bulha cardíaca no ventrículo esquerdo | |
| Náusea e vômito | Sopro sistólico paraesternal da regurgitação tricúspide | |
| Sopro diastólico da regurgitação pulmonar | ||
| Dispneia | Pletora jugular | |
| Dor abdominal | Ascite | |
| Edema de membros | Hepatomegalia | |
| Fadiga | Edema periférico | |
Dados adaptados de Galie et al. 2015 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: The Joint Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS). Eur Heart J. 2016;37(1):67-119.
Figura 2– Espécies de Schistosoma e sua distribuição geográfica; imagem adaptada da Organização Mundial da Saúde.
Figura 3– Ciclo de vida do Schistosoma.
Figura 4– Algoritmo de diagnóstico proposto para o diagnóstico de envolvimento cardíaco na esquistossomose; ECG: eletrocardiograma; VE: ventrículo esquerdo; RM: ressonância magnética; HAP: hipertensão arterial pulmonar; VD: ventrículo direito.
– Tratamento da esquistossomose
| Medicamento | Dose | Considerações especiais | Fase da doença |
|---|---|---|---|
| Corticosteroides* (prednisona) | Adulto: 1,5-2,0 mg/kg por dia por três semanas Crianças: 0,05-2,0 mg/kg por dia, três doses por dia vira oral | Reduz em 50% os níveis plasmáticos de PZQ Elimina infecção bacteriana e Strongyloides | Uso durante os dois primeiros meses após o contato com água |
| Praziquantel | Requer uma resposta específica do hospedeiro efetiva contra o Schistosoma. Cuidado na realização de tarefas que requerem alerta durante os dois primeiros dois dias de tratamento | Ao longo do curso da doença | |
| Oxamniquina | Contra | Efetiva contra cercaria invasiva, esquistossômulo maduro, te larvas maduras | Fase precoce da doença |
| Artemether | Efetiva contra cercaria invasiva, esquistossômulo maduro, te larvas maduras | Pode ser usada como um quimioprofilático em áreas endêmicas para indivíduos com risco elevado de infecção | |
| Inibidores da fosfodiesterase tipo 5 | Sildenafila, tadalafila, vardenafila | ||
| antagonistas do receptor da endotelina-1 | Ambrisentana, bosentana, macitentan | ||
* Tratamento associado para prevenir ou tratar complicações agudas
Figure 1– Flowchart of PRISMA Methodology.
– Symptoms and signs of schistosomiasis-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension
| Symptoms | Signs | |
|---|---|---|
| Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension | ||
| Shortness of breath | Hoarseness | |
| Weakness | Hemoptysis | |
| Angina | Left parasternal lift | |
| Syncope | Accentuated pulmonary component of the second heart sound | |
| Cough | Right ventricular third heart sound | |
| Nausea and vomiting | Parasternal systolic murmur of tricuspid regurgitation | |
| Diastolic murmur of pulmonary regurgitation | ||
| Dyspnea | Jugular plethora | |
| Abdominal pain | Ascites | |
| Limb edema | Hepatomegaly | |
| Fatigue | Peripheral edema | |
Data adapted from Galie et al. 2015 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: The Joint Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS). Eur Heart J. 2016;37(1):67-119.
Figure 2– Geographical distribution of Schistosoma species; image adapted from World Health Organization
Figure 3– Life cycle of Schistosoma.
Figure 4– Diagnostic algorithm proposed for diagnosis of cardiac involvement in Schistosomiasis; LV: left ventricular; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; ECG: electrocardiogram; RBBB: right bundle branch block; PAH: pulmonary arterial hypertension; RV: right ventricular.
– Treatment for schistosomiasis
| Specific treatment of Schistosomiasis | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Drug | Dose | Special considerations | Phase of the disease |
| Corticosteroids* (prednisone) | Adult: 1.5-2.0 mg/kg per day by mouth for 3 weeks. Pediatric: 0.05-2.0 mg/kg per day, three doses a day by mouth | Decreases plasma levels of PZQ by 50%. Ruling out bacterial infection and strongyloidiaisis | Use within the first two months after contact with water. |
| Praziquantel | Requires an effective host-specific response against the schistosome. Caution when performing tasks that require alertness on the first two days of treatment | Throughout the course of the disease | |
| Oxamniquine | It is effective against schistosomula and prevents the chronic phase | Early phase of the disease | |
| Artemether | It is effective against invasive cercariae, mature schistosomula, and mature adult worms | It can be used as a chemoprophylactic in endemic areas for people at high risk of infection | |
| Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors | Sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil | ||
| Endothelin receptor 1 antagonists | Ambrisentan, bosentan, macitentan | ||
* Associated treatment to avoid or treat acute complications.