Transradial access chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma in comparation with transfemoral access.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to compare the safety and efficacy of transradial access (TRA) with transfemoral access (TFA) chemoembolization in treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
METHODS: HCC patients who were late for curative treatment on initial diagnosis or HCC patients who had undergone one or several rounds of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) were enrolled. The clinical and angiographic characteristics, the procedure related details, and the follow-up data from patients who underwent TRA and TFA were analyzed and compared.
RESULTS: In total, 112 patients undergoing 160 TRA-TACE and 107 patients undergoing 163 TFA-TACE were included. The technical success rate of TRA was 95.0% and that of TFA was 98.8% (P=0.102). In the TFA-TACE group, 5.5% of cases suffered access site-related complications, including 6 with minor bleeding and 3 with severe bleeding or pseudoaneurysm. In the TRA-TACE group, 1.9% of cases underwent crossover to femoral access for selective cannulation failure. The rate of radial artery occlusion (RAO) was 2.7% (3 of 112 patients), and none of the RAO patients suffered paresthesia, pain at the site of occlusion, hand function loss or distal ischemia. Comparing patients with/without access site-related complications in the TFA-TACE group, there was a statistical difference in patient age and in the percentage of patient with a PT time >15 s (72.6% vs. 57.1%, P<0.001; 44.4% vs. 11.7%, P=0.022).
CONCLUSIONS: TRA is a safe and effective method for patients undergoing TACE. Compared with TFA, TRA may reduce the occurrence of access site-related bleeding and vascular complications. TRA-TACE may especially benefit older patients or those with a longer prothrombin time (PT). 2019 Translational Cancer Research. All rights reserved.

Introduction

Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is an effective treatment procedure for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which was often performed via femoral artery (FA) access (1). In recent years, transradial access (TRA) has emerged as a new approach, and it is commonly used in coronary angioplasty, as well as in stent placement (2,3). Compared with transfemoral access (TFA), transradial percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has a variety of advantages, including overall increased procedure comfort, decreased procedure access site-related major bleeding and better outcomes (3,4). For unresectable HCC, repetitive TACE has been recognized as a common and effective treatment approach (5,6). Several studies compared the safety and efficacy of TRA with that of TFA for patients undergoing TACE treatment (1,7,8). In these studies, TRA demonstrated its superiority over TFA in a series of indexes, including the monitoring time after procedure, time of ambulation and hospital stay, the rate of bleeding risk, and fluoroscopy time. However, shortcomings of TRA also exist, such as puncture failure, challenging cannulation and the possible occlusion of the radial artery (RA) (9,10). Moreover, potential increased radiation exposure, increased distance from the access site and a long learning curve also remain as potential barriers preventing TRA usage by an interventional radiologist (IR) (11,12).

A previous study indicated that radial artery occlusion (RAO) occurred in 13.7% cases with 5-Fr sheath (n=153) and in 30.5% cases with 6-Fr sheath (n=302) after TRA coronary catheterization (13). RAO is generally asymptomatic due to dual blood supply to hands; however, it can affect the future use of the RA for hemodialysis fistula preparation (14), coronary artery bypass grafting (15), reconstructive surgery (16). Most importantly, it may prevent the ability to repeat the TRA. Whether repeated usage of radial puncture for TACE is clinically feasible or not, it remains unconfirmed. Also, a comparative study is needed to determine the safety and efficacy of TRA. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the safety and efficacy of TRA in patients undergoing TACE treatments compared with TFA and to evaluate the risk factors of access site-related bleeding complications of TFA.

Methods

This single-center retrospective study was approved by the local Institutional Review Board. HCC patients who were not suitable for curative treatment and had undergone TACE in Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University from Oct 2017 to Oct 2018, were enrolled. All patients were rated as intermediate stage (B), according to the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging classification, and as level A or B according to the Child-Pugh grading system. All the TACE procedures were monitored by a chief IR with over 20 years of clinical experience and were operated by his professional medical team. Allen testing was done prior to each TRA-TACE to confirm dual circulation of the hand and exclude the contraindicated patients. Other exclusion criteria included a RA diameter <2 mm via ultrasound, a previous history of severe vascular tortuosity or RAO, severe peripheral vascular disease, and patients who needed dialysis. The access route decision was determined by the patient and IR’s joint consultation after a comprehensive evaluation, and the access route was usually unchanged in a subsequent TACE treatment; otherwise the occurrence of access site exchange was recorded and analyzed. In total, 219 patients who had undergone 323 times of TACE procedures were enrolled in this study. Patients were divided into two groups based on different TACE access site: TRA-TACE group or TFA-TACE group. Patient demographics and clinical data included age, sex, height, body mass index (BMI), hypertension, diabetic mellitus, previous TACE, anticoagulant therapy, history of hepatitis, international normalized ratio (INR), prothrombin time (PT), Child-Pugh classification, and tumor burdens. Five clinical and laboratory measures (total bilirubin, serum albumin, prothrombin ratio, ascites, and hepatic encephalopathy) were also recorded to calculate the Child-Pugh score of patients (17). The angiographic characteristics of patients were recorded including tumor burden and tumor location. Clinical outcomes evaluated included technical success, access site-related bleeding and vascular complications, the level of comfort, neurologic complications within 30 days and contrast medium-induced nephropathy.

Technical success was defined as successful RA puncture and catheterization of target artery. Failure to puncture or catheterize the target vessel was defined as a technical failure. According to the quality improvement guidelines from the Society of Interventional Radiology (SIR) (18), access site-related complications were categorized in as major and minor. Major complications were those that needed prolonged hospitalization, an unplanned increase in the level of care, permanent adverse sequelae, and death. Such complications included severe bleeding, obvious hematomas, arterial dissection, arterial pseudoaneurysm, arteriovenous fistula and symptomatic vascular occlusion that required an intervention such as thrombin injection, transfusion, angioplasty, surgical repair or ultrasound-guided compression. Minor complications included those that needed additional nominal therapy and overnight admission for observation, such as asymptomatic RAO, hematoma or blood loss not requiring transfusion or open surgical repair. Also, patients with postoperative dysuria requiring urethral catheterization were also recorded as a factor reflecting the comfort of patient. Neurologic events after the procedure were recorded, including transient ischemic attacks, reversible ischemic neurologic deficits and stroke, which was defined as a new, persistent neurologic disability lasting more than 24 hours. Contrast-induced nephropathy was defined as either an increase in the serum creatinine level of more than 25% or an absolute increase in the serum creatinine level of 0.5 mg/dL.

Procedures and follow-up

All patients signed informed consent before operation. For patients with a moderate/high preoperative bleeding tendency, preoperative bleeding prevention strategies were performed, including anticoagulant discontinuance before operation, vitamin K injection and/or liver function protection (19). A pre-procedural RA assessment was performed, including the Allen test, as well as an inner diameter inspection by ultrasound. The left RA puncture was performed one centimeter proximal to the styloid process of the radius under local anesthesia (). After puncture success, a 4-Fr or 5-Fr Sheath Introducer (Merit Medical, South Jordan, Utah, USA) was exchanged, utilizing the Seldinger technique. After the sheath was introduced, a cocktail solution containing heparin 20–30 mg, nitroglycerin 0.1 mg and lidocaine 20 mg was given through the sheath to prevent RA spasm (). Heparin was decreased or not administered in patients with moderate or high bleeding risk (INR ≥1.5), as regulated by the consensus guideline of SIR and Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology Society of Europe (SIR/CIRSE) (19). Then, a 125 cm, 4-Fr MPA catheter was inserted through the sheath to the aorta over a hydrophilic guide wire. The catheter was used to cannulate the celiac trunk, hepatic artery, superior mesenteric arteries or inferior phrenic artery, if needed. After finding the vessels responsible for supplying the tumor, a 2.7-Fr microcatheter (Terumo Corp, Tokyo, Japan) was introduced over a hydrophilic guide wire. Digital subtraction angiography was performed to identify the tumor vascularity and stain prior to the embolization.

Figure 1

Transradial puncture and hemostasis by a special Band. (A) Blood spills through the puncture needle after radial artery was successful punctured with a 20-gauge needle (Merit Medical, South Jordan, Utah, USA); (B) a 0.025-inch guidewire was inserted into radial artery; (C) a cocktail solution including heparin 30 mg, nitroglycerin 0.1 mg, and 20 mg lidocaine was given to prevent radial artery spasm after a 4-Fr sheath insertion into radial artery; (D) a special Band device was used for hemostasis after transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) procedure.

The TACE procedures performed did not included drug-eluting bead embolization or radio-embolization by yttrium90 microspheres. After the procedure, the vascular sheath was removed immediately, and hemostasis was performed with a special Band device (Terumo Corp) (). As the band was deflated incrementally and removed six hours after operation, arterial hemostasis and pulse were reconfirmed. Also, prior to discharge and during a follow-up at about 30 days after discharge, repeat evaluations of the access site and radial pulse were conducted. RAO is defined as the absence of a RA pulse after a negative reversed Allen test, or is defined by a visible obstruction observed by ultrasound.

Transfemoral artery puncture was performed through the right common FA. Then, an 80 cm, 4-Fr or 5-Fr RH catheter was introduced to the aorta. A microcatheter/microwire was inserted into the responsible vessel, subsequently. Embolization was performed using the same technique as described for the TRA-TACE. After the procedure was done, the femoral sheath was removed immediately followed by compression homeostasis and a pressure bandage wrap. The patients were required to follow bed rest while keeping the lower limbs extended at for least six hours before the hemostatic bandage could be removed. Access site-related complications were evaluated and recorded before discharge.

All patients were closely followed up after TACE. In both groups, if new tumor nodules were evident on CT scans and if the initial lesions seemed to revascularize, then a subsequent TACE treatment was applied. A comprehensive evaluation by IR was necessary to decide the timing of the treatment, as well as the access route, before each therapy.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 22.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Categorical variables were presented as absolute number with percentage, and continuous variables were presented as mean ± standard deviation. The differences between the groups were evaluated by using the Chi-square test or Fisher exact test for categorical variables and the 2-tailed Student t test for continuous variables. A two-side P value <0.05 was statistical significance.

Results

From October 2017 to October 2018, 219 patients undergoing a total of 323 times TACE procedures were included in this study. Of those, 112 patients underwent 160 TRA-TACE procedures, while 107 patients underwent 163 TFA-TACE procedures. The baseline clinical characteristics of patients are presented in . No significant difference was found between the two groups regarding baseline data, such as age, sex, height, BMI, comorbidities and liver function stage. The number of patients receiving TRA-TACE for the first time was significantly higher than that via FA access (37.5% vs. 15.9%, P<0.001). No substantial difference in the number of TACE procedures or the mean of TACE treatments per patient were found between the TRA-TACE group and the TFA-TACE group.

Table 1

Demographic and clinical data of patients in TRA-TACE group and TFA-TACE group

Patient characteristics	Overall (n=219)	r-TACE (n=112)	f-TACE (n=107)	P value
Age, years	58.4±12.7	59.1±12.3	57.7±13.2	0.436
Sex, n (%)				0.731
Male	170 (77.6)	88 (78.6)	82 (76.6)
Female	49 (22.4)	24 (21.4)	25 (23.4)
Height, m	1.68±0.06	1.68±0.07	1.68±0.06	0.779
BMI, kg/m2	22.41±2.49	22.48±2.68	22.34±2.29	0.697
Hypertension, n (%)				0.970
Yes	76 (34.7)	39 (34.8)	37 (34.6)
No	143 (65.3)	73 (65.2)	70 (65.4)
Diabetes mellitus, n (%)				0.998
Yes	43 (19.6)	22 (19.6)	21 (19.6)
No	176 (80.4)	90 (80.4)	86 (80.4)
Previously TACE, n (%)				<0.001*
Naïve	59 (26.9)	42 (37.5)	17 (15.9)
Yes	160 (73.1)	70 (62.5)	90 (84.1)
Anticoagulant therapy, n (%)				0.348
Yes	28 (12.8)	12 (10.7)	16 (15.0)
No	191 (87.2)	100 (89.3)	91 (85.0)
History of hepatitis, n (%)				0.293
Yes	146 (66.7)	71 (63.4)	75 (70.1)
No	73 (33.3)	41 (36.6)	32 (29.9)
No. of TACE procedures (%)
1	145 (66.2)	77 (68.8)	68 (63.5)
2	53 (24.2)	25 (22.3)	28 (26.2)
3	14 (6.4)	7 (6.3)	7 (6.5)
4	5 (2.3)	3 (2.7)	2 (1.9)
5	2 (0.9)	–	2 (1.9)
Mean No. of TACE treatment		1.4	1.5

TRA, transradial access; TACE, transarterial chemoembolization; BMI, body mass index; No., number. *P<0.05.

The clinical data and outcomes of each procedure for the two groups are recorded in . Overall technical success was achieved in 95.0% of cases in the TRA-TACE group and 98.8% of cases in the TFA-TACE group (P=0.102). TRA had a lower rate of access site-related complications compared to TFA, although the differences in the rates was not statistically significant (1.9% vs. 5.5%, P=0.083). Three cases (1.9%) with asymptomatic RAO were noted in the TRA-TACE group, while in the TFA-TACE group, six cases (3.7%) were observed with minor complication, such as ecchymosis in the inguinal region. Additionally, no major complications occurred in the TRA-TACE group, while three cases (1.8%) had major complications in the TFA-TACE group, including obvious access site bleeding in two cases that received thrombin injection or blood transfusion and a pseudoaneurysm in one case that received ultrasonic guided compression. Five cases (3.1%) had postoperative dysuria that needed urethral catheterization in the TFA-TACE group. No neurologic complications or contrast medium-induced nephropathy were founded in any cases during follow-up.

Table 2

Clinical data and outcomes in each TACE procedures between TRA-TACE group and TFA-TACE group

Characteristics	Overall (n=323)	r-TACE (n=160)	f-TACE (n=163)	P value
Child-Pugh classification, n (%)				0.254
Class A	272 (84.2)	131 (81.9)	141 (86.5)
Class B	51 (15.8)	29 (18.1)	22 (13.5)
INR value, n (%)				0.453
≥1.5	19 (5.9)	11 (6.9)	8 (4.9)
<1.5	304 (94.1)	149 (93.1)	155 (95.1)
PT value, n (%)				0.922
>15 s	43 (13.3)	21 (13.1)	22 (13.5)
≤15 s	280 (86.7)	139 (86.9)	141 (86.5)
Tumor broaden, n (%)				0.636
Simple	119 (36.8)	61 (38.1)	58 (35.6)
Multiple	204 (63.2)	99 (61.9)	105 (64.4)
Tumor location				0.155
Left	49 (15.2)	19 (11.9)	30 (18.4)
Right	157 (48.6)	85 (53.1)	72 (44.2)
Bilateral	117 (36.2)	56 (35.0)	61 (37.4)
Technical success, n (%)				0.102
Success	313 (96.9)	152 (95.0)	161 (98.8)
Failure	10 (3.1)	8 (5.0)	2 (1.2)
Puncture failure		5 (3.1)	–
Cannulation failure		3 (1.9)	2 (1.2)
Access site-related complications, n (%)				0.083
No	311 (96.3)	157 (98.1)	154 (94.5)
Yes	12 (3.7)	3 (1.9)	9 (5.5)
Vascular complications	–	–	–
RAO	–	3 (1.9)	–
Bleeding complications				0.003*
Minor	–	–	6 (3.7)
Major	–	–	3 (1.8)
Postoperative dysuresia, n (%)				0.030*
Yes	6 (1.9)	–	6 (3.7)
No	317 (98.1)	160 (100.0)	157 (96.3)

TRA, transradial access; TFA, transfemoral access; TACE, transarterial chemoembolization; INR, international normalized ratio; PT, prothrombin time; RAO, radial artery occlusion; PA, pseudoaneurysm. *, P<0.05.

In the TFA-TACE group, the characteristics of patients with/without access site-related bleeding complications were compared and presented in . Patients with advanced age were more likely to suffer access site-related complications (P<0.001). Also, patients with PT >15 s were more prone to suffering access site-related complications (P=0.022).

Table 3

Comparison of the cases with or without access site-related bleeding complications in TFA-TACE group

Patient characteristics	Cases with complications (n=9)	Cases without complications (n=154)	P value
Age, years	72.6±7.9	57.1±12.7	<0.001*
Sex, n (%)			1.000
Male	7 (77.8)	118 (76.6)
Female	2 (22.2)	36 (23.4)
Height, m	1.66±0.05	1.68±0.06	0.385
BMI, kg/m2	22.87±2.20	22.25±2.59	0.480
Hypertension, n (%)			1.000
Yes	4 (44.4)	61 (39.6)
No	5 (55.6)	93 (60.4)
Diabetes mellitus, n (%)			0.563
Yes	3 (33.3)	30 (19.5)
No	6 (66.7)	124 (80.5)
Previously TACE, n (%)			1.000
Yes	1 (11.1)	18 (11.7)
No	8 (88.9)	136 (88.3)
Anticoagulant therapy, n (%)			1.000
Yes	2 (22.2)	28 (18.2)
No	7 (77.8)	126 (81.8)
Child-Pugh classification, n (%)			0.775
Class A	7 (77.8)	134 (87.0)
Class B	2 (22.2)	20 (13.0)
INR value, n (%)			0.064
≥1.5	2 (22.2)	6 (3.9)
<1.5	7 (77.8)	148 (96.1)
PT value, n (%)			0.022*
≤15 s	5 (55.6)	136 (88.3)
>15 s	4 (44.4)	18 (11.7)

TFA, transfemoral access; TACE, transarterial chemoembolization; BMI, body mass index; INR, international normalized ratio; PT, prothrombin time. *, P<0.05.

Discussion

TRA interventional therapy has significantly grown worldwide in recent years, especially in cardiac interventions. Despite established data that has demonstrated transradial PCI with lower rates of access site-related bleeding complications compared to transfemoral PCI, this technique is rarely used by IRs in the systemic circulation. In the present study, we compared the clinical and angiographic characteristics, procedure details, and related complications of TRA-TACE with those of TFA-TACE in order to evaluate the efficacy and safety of TRA-TACE. We also analyzed the predictors of access site-related bleeding complications in TFA-TACE group. Our results indicate that, firstly, compared with TFA, TRA is associated with significantly lower rates of access site-related bleeding complications without compromising procedural success rates. Second, TFA patients with advanced age or PT >15 s are more likely to suffer access site-related bleeding complications. Third, repeat TRA is clinically safe and feasible for patients undergoing TACE.

Transradial PCI has been demonstrated as a safe and feasible technique for patients with coronary disease (20,21). In a RIVAL trial, TRA PCI and TFA PCI had similar procedural success rates; however, in TRA PCI, 7.6% of the cases changed vascular access site, and in TFA PCI the rate was 2.0% (11). In general, TRA is more technically challenging for IRs than TFA. In our study, three cases (1.9%) received access site crossover from RA to FA for difficult cannulation. A retrospective study analyzed RA access for noncoronary interventions, indicating that the technical success rate was 98.2% (1,485/1,512) and only 27 cases (1.8%) required crossover to FA access (22). Consistent with previous reports, the success rate of TACE with TRA in our study is acceptably high and similar to that of TACE with TFA (95.0% vs. 98.8%, P=0.102). Compared with 5.5% of case in the TFA-TACE group, no cases suffered access site-related bleeding complications in the TRA-TACE group, which indicated that TRA can reduce the rate of access site-related bleeding complications in contrast with TFA.

In addition to reducing bleeding complications, patients receiving TRA also have reduced overall discomfort and limitations in performing basic activities after TACE procedure. For TFA patients, the mandatory requirement to stay in bed for at least six hours has become the main concern and source of discomfort. Besides, such a mandatory requirement can increase the bleeding risk, as well as the nursing workload. Previous studies have recorded the degree of postoperative discomfort and patients’ satisfaction with the procedure used in both TRA and TFA cases using a qualitative evaluation scale, and the results revealed that patients who underwent TRA-TACE were significantly more comfortable and had strong tendency to choose radial access in the future (23,24). For patients who underwent TFA-TACE, the requirement to straighten their legs meant that they were unable to find a comfortable position. When patients suffer from dysuria, frequent nausea or vomiting, extra nursing care or an indwelling catheter may be required. In our study, 3.7% of cases received indwelling catheters in the TFA-TACE group, which indicates an increased discomfort for patients and a potential increase in nursing care. Several large-scale randomized trials have demonstrated the reduced incidence of acute kidney injury via RA interventions contrasted by FA approach (25,26). In our study, no patients suffered from contrast medium-related nephropathy or neurological symptoms in either groups.

In this study, five cases of left RA puncture failure were successfully performed TACE procedure via the right RA access (). For patients who underwent TRA-TACE, RA puncture in the left hand was the first choice because the guidewire/catheter can easily pass the aortic arch to the abdominal aorta through the left subclavian artery. This was widely welcomed by the majority of patients, because most people were right-handed. Also, their use of the dominant upper limb would not be restricted during the hemostatic compression after sheath removal (27), as is the case for patients with advanced age or obese weight (). The rate of RAO after TRA was 2.7% (3 of 112 patients) in this study, even with some patients receiving TACE via TRA more than once. Moreover, no RAO patients experienced paresthesia, pain at the site of occlusion, hand function loss or distal ischemia. Overall, despite the transitory or persistent RAO, preserved blood supply to the fingers was ensured by the rich anastomotic and collateral network between the radial and ulnar arteries (27). Due to the rarity of RAO, we were unable to find a significant correlation between the increased RAO risk and the number of TRA procedures. Yet our study still found the possibility of the progressive RA stenosis with the increased number of RA punctures. The technical details that may beneficial to reduce the rate of puncture failure and to reduce the occurrence of RAO were summarized as follows: first, a successful first-time RA puncture is important to reduce the number of punctures and to reduce the injury of RA, because the distal RA may slip at times. Second, using a small diameter or slender introducer sheath may represent a wise first choice Third, hemostasis should be performed with an incompletely blocked radial pulse, and the Band device should be incrementally deflated once every two hours, with pressure occurring no longer than six hours, which may also help the timely recovery of RA.

Figure 2

TRA-TACE via right radial artery. (A) The common hepatic arteriogram in a 70-year-old patient shows multiple HCC as hypervascularity lesion in the right lobe of liver; (B) after embolization with iodized oil and gelfoam particles, final angiography shows no flow in the distal part of the artery. TRA, transradial access; TACE, transarterial chemoembolization; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma.

Figure 3

TRA-TACE in severe obese patients (BMI: 41.2 kg/m2) (A) The common hepatic arteriogram shows the hypervascular tumor lesion; (B) super-selective catheterize to the feeding artery via micro-catheter; (C) lipiodol deposition on angiographic imaging after injection of cytotoxic lipiodol emulsion; (D) disappearance of the tumor vascularity and stain on control angiogram after embolization. TRA, transradial access; TACE, transarterial chemoembolization.

As shown in , patients with advanced age were more likely to suffer access site-related bleeding complications in the TFA-TACE group, as was true for patients with PT >15 s. It was noticeable that senile patients could not tolerate long-term bed rest with straightened legs. Also, bleeding risk was more likely to increase for patient with liver dysfunction or anticoagulant therapy. Owing to easy hemostasis, TRA appears to be an attractive selection to reduce access site-related bleeding complications.

Due to the inter-machines variation in fluoroscopic and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) protocols, dose area product (DAP) difference was not assessed or compared between the two groups. Previous literature demonstrated that TRA leads to prolonged fluoroscopy time and increased radiation dose for patients (28,29); however, in the study performed by Jolly et al. (30), over 3,500 patients were randomized to undergo radial or femoral access as part of the RIVAL trial, and their air kerma or the dose-area product were evaluated. Results showed no difference in the dose-area product between the two groups. Previous studies have also shown that increased experience of physicians could be related to the reduced total dose of fluoroscopy exposure (31). In our study, there was no difference in fluoroscopy exposure between the two groups. The potential prolonged fluoroscopy time and higher radiation dose in several cases may attribute to the artery tortuosity, the difficult catheterization from the subclavian artery to the descending aorta, or the difficult catheterization of the celiac artery. With more experience gained and different catheters used by the physician, the difference of fluoroscopy time and radiographic exposure became insignificant between the two access sites used in the TACE procedure. Also, the physician’s expertise and experience accumulation are of great importance to improve the technical success rate, as well as the patient’s overall safety and comfort.

Although the innovative compression device was not used or compared in the TFA-TACE group, TRA-TACE is still the perfect alternative to reduce related complications, especially for patients with advanced age or PT >15 s.

Limitations

The biggest limitation of the current study was the selection bias caused by the retrospective nature. The small sample size also limited the statistical analysis power in the assessment of the technical success rate and the risk factors of access site complications in the TFA-TACE group. Besides, the access route was ultimate decided by the experienced operator, which introduced additional selection bias. Also, the fluoroscopy time and total radiation dose were not recorded and compared between the two groups. Lastly, we lack mid-term and long-term outcome to evaluate the safety and efficacy of r-TACE.

Conclusions

Transradial TACE is a safe and effective procedure associated with significantly lower rates of access site-related bleeding and vascular complications in comparison with the femoral approach, without compromising the procedural success rate. It is especially beneficial to patients with advanced age, or those with longer PT. With a low rate of RAO, repeated use of RA puncture is clinically feasible.