Cheng Chen1,2, Eric A Whitsel3, Mark A Espeland4, Linda Snetselaar5, Kathleen M Hayden6, Archana P Lamichhane7, Marc L Serre8, William Vizuete8, Joel D Kaufman9, Xinhui Wang10, Helena C Chui10, Mary E D'Alton1, Jiu-Chiuan Chen10,11, Ka Kahe1,2. 1. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA. 2. Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA. 3. Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. 4. Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA. 5. Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA. 6. Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA. 7. Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. 8. Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. 9. Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. 10. Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA. 11. Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Particulate air pollutants may induce neurotoxicity by increasing homocysteine levels, which can be lowered by high B vitamin intakes. Therefore, we examined whether intakes of three B vitamins (folate, B12 , and B6 ) modified the association between PM2.5 exposure and incidence of all-cause dementia. METHODS: This study included 7183 women aged 65 to 80 years at baseline. B vitamin intakes from diet and supplements were estimated by food frequency questionnaires at baseline. The 3-year average PM2.5 exposure was estimated using a spatiotemporal model. RESULTS: During a mean follow-up of 9 years, 342 participants developed all-cause dementia. We found that residing in locations with PM2.5 exposure above the regulatory standard (12 μg/m3 ) was associated with a higher risk of dementia only among participants with lower intakes of these B vitamins. DISCUSSION: This is the first study suggesting that the putative neurotoxicity of PM2.5 exposure may be attenuated by high B vitamin intakes.
INTRODUCTION: Particulate air pollutants may induce neurotoxicity by increasing homocysteine levels, which can be lowered by high B vitamin intakes. Therefore, we examined whether intakes of three B vitamins (folate, B12 , and B6 ) modified the association between PM2.5 exposure and incidence of all-cause dementia. METHODS: This study included 7183 women aged 65 to 80 years at baseline. B vitamin intakes from diet and supplements were estimated by food frequency questionnaires at baseline. The 3-year average PM2.5 exposure was estimated using a spatiotemporal model. RESULTS: During a mean follow-up of 9 years, 342 participants developed all-cause dementia. We found that residing in locations with PM2.5 exposure above the regulatory standard (12 μg/m3 ) was associated with a higher risk of dementia only among participants with lower intakes of these B vitamins. DISCUSSION: This is the first study suggesting that the putative neurotoxicity of PM2.5 exposure may be attenuated by high B vitamin intakes.
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