5G standards for the Industry 4.0 enabled communication systems using artificial intelligence: perspective of smart healthcare system.

The emergence of the Industry 4.0 revolution to upgrade the Internet of Things (IoT) standards provides the prominence outcomes for the future wireless communication systems called 5G. The development of 5G green communication systems suffers from the various challenges to fulfill the requirement of higher user capacity, network speed, minimum cost, and reduced resource consumption. The use of 5G standards for Industry 4.0 applications will increase data rate performance and connected device's reliability. Since the arrival of novel Covid-19 disease, there is a higher demand for smart healthcare systems worldwide. However, designing the 5G communication systems has the research challenges like optimum resource utilization, mobility management, cost-efficiency, interference management, spectral efficiency, etc. The rapid development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) across the different formats brings performance enhancement compared to conventional techniques. Therefore, introducing the AI into 5G standards will optimize the performances further considering the various end-user applications. We first present the survey of the terms like 5G standard, Industry 4.0, and some recent works for future wireless communications. The purpose is to explore the current research problems using the 5G technology. We further propose the novel architecture for smart healthcare systems using the 5G and Industry 4.0 standards. We design and implement that proposed model using the Network Simulator (NS2) to investigate the current 5G methods. The simulation results show that current 5G methods for resource management and interference management suffer from the challenges like performance trade-offs. © King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology 2021.

Introduction

The further progress of the Internet of Things (IoT) reveals it is a fundamental piece of different applications, for instance, keen home, smart healthcare, savvy agriculture, brilliant city, and so forth. The remarkable improvement of IoT devices encounters accepting various benchmarks and progressions. Another significant issue in IoT gadgets is interoperability among particular gadgets and organizations. The specific devices should be versatile in accepting the situation in passing on information with less human commitment (Xu et al. 2004). The human free and human-driven are two kinds of unavoidable perspectives on account of human affiliation. The energy effectiveness and resource management in IoT acquired huge examination interests. The key necessity of IoT empowered WSNs is that they ought to work steadily and economically for a more drawn-out period with no requirement for human mediation (He et al. 2004). Devices in such IoT systems will ordinarily work dependent on battery power sources, and subsequently, energy proficiency has normally of most extreme significance in a gadget the executives (Nadeem et al. 2015; Arifin and Ohtsuki 2014). Thinking about the WSN area, energy productivity for battery worked sensor hubs and lifetime upgrades have been researched issues for a long time (Riggio and Sicari 2009; Sohrabi et al. 2000). Medium Access Control (MAC) layer conventions center around changing the obligation cycle for sensor hubs and steering layer conventions have intended for information accumulation and many-to-one transmission. Likewise, since IoT gadgets working in the IoT arrange worldview are additionally battery worked, battery utilization ought to be remembered during IoT organize organization. The acknowledgment of cost decreases to accomplish green systems administration is the exploration goal of this research. Numerous energy productive plans for WSN have been proposed in the ongoing past, for example, a chain of command (Sohrabi et al. 2000) and careful (Mikhail et al. 2017a, b) ones, anyway there are numerous gaps identified with effective information total and spread strategies.

There are various methods for information interchanges in IoT applications, and essentially dependent on the kind of information correspondences, for example, mixed media information transmission however, it needs the new energy proficient steering conventions to expand the conventions life and execution. A top to bottom investigation of the writing uncovered that IoT framework models, correspondence protocols, and information accumulation calculations are accessible tending to the requirement for energy proficiency. In a non-deterministic climate, remote sensors are sent haphazardly and they structure an impromptu network. Regardless, different calculations supporting the progressive grouping for proficient inclusion and network and data handling are accessible in the writing. These techniques solve problems related to energy efficiency for IoT applications (Alhayani et al. 2021a; Alhayani and Abdallah 2020), but by considering the significant growth of IoT devices, the need for high-speed and reliable communication standards to boost the IoT applications further. The 5G standards millimeter wave (mmWave) technology called massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIM) has recently gained the researcher's attention to cover the future communication requirements on a large scale (Bhushan et al. 2014; Hossain et al. 2014).

This paper aims to present the current state-of-arts on the development of 5G, Industry 4.0, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) (Alhayani and Ilhan 2020, 2021). A detailed survey on recent methods has been presented in this paper to notice the research challenges for future wireless communication systems. We proposed the novel design of 5G-enabled smart healthcare systems with its modeling and implementation (Hasan and Alhayani 2021; Kwekha-Rashid et al. 2021). For that purpose, we applied the recent resource and interference management methods. In “Standards of future wireless communications” we present the study of future wireless system standards. In Sect. 3, presents the recent progress for future wireless communications (Yahya et al. 2021). In “Methodology and results”, we proposed the methodology and simulation results. The next section presents the research gaps analysis. The final section presents the conclusion.

Standards of future wireless communications

5G technology

The business achievement of any IoT is eventually attached to its exhibition, which has reliant on how rapidly it can speak with other IoT gadgets, cell phones, and tablets, software as its application or website, and more (Choi et al. 2010; Hong et al. 2014; Xiao et al. 2014). With 5G, information move paces will increment altogether. As indicated by reports, 5G will be multiple times quicker than current LTE networks (Kang et al. 1404) (Rumney 2013). This speed-up will permit IoT gadgets to impart and share information quicker than any time in recent memory. With regards to brilliant home gadgets, for instance, this speed-up assists with decreasing slack and improve the general speed at which associated gadgets send and get information and warnings (Al-Shawabkeh et al. 2020; Hameed Al-ali et al. 2019). Other than keen home gadgets, virtually all IoT gadgets will profit by more noteworthy velocities incorporating those with medical care and industrial applications. Notwithstanding the speed up, 5G networks will work all the more dependably making more steady associations. Having a solid and stable network condition is critical for any IoT, however particularly for associated gadgets like locks, surveillance cameras, and other observing frameworks that rely upon ongoing updates (Mahajan et al. 2021; Mahajan and Badarla 2018, 2019, 2020). With the capacity of a 5G network to deal with more associated gadgets, shoppers will profit from the more noteworthy dependability of their associated gadgets. The rapid availability, low inertness, and more prominent inclusion that will show up with the cutting edge network will be key for IoT's. Figure 1 shows the enabling technologies for the 5G standard (Akyildiz et al. 2016).

Fig. 1

Enabling technologies connected with 5G (Akyildiz et al. 2016)

Moreover, a completely usable and proficient 5G network for IoT cannot finish without the consideration of artificial intelligence (man-made intelligence) schedules. Existing 4G networks with all-IP (Internet Convention) broadband availability depend on a responsive origination, prompting an inadequate production of the range for IoT applications. AI and its subcategories like machine learning and deep learning have been developing as an order, to the point that these days this component permits 5G remote networks to be prescient and proactive, which is fundamental in making the 5G vision possible. Applying simulated intelligence to both the 5G network and the gadget will prompt more effective remote interchanges, longer battery life, and upgraded client encounters for uses of IoT. Artificial intelligence is an integral asset, and the way to bridling artificial intelligence to improve remote is to zero in on significant remote difficulties that are both hard to settle with customary strategies and are additionally a solid match for machine learning. Deep remote space information is needed to realize where to utilize simulated intelligence's capacities. That space information fits directly in Qualcomm Innovations' qualities on account of our longstanding exploration in both remote and artificial intelligence. Computer-based intelligence will emphatically affect a few key regions of 5G network management, for example, upgraded administration quality, worked on sending, higher network productivity, and improved network security. Hence, for IoT frameworks, simulated intelligence will improve the 5G from start to finish framework. Radio mindfulness is at the core of how man-made intelligence will improve 5G since machine learning, as opposed to a hand-made calculation, is the ideal device to bode well out of the intricate RF signals around the gadget. Expanded radio mindfulness empowers an assortment of upgrades, for example, improved gadget experience, improved framework execution, and better radio security.

Integration of massive MIMO

For networks like 5G, there is a prerequisite of fast MIMO is the predominant air interface for 4G and 5G broadband remote correspondences. The interest for remote throughput has filled dramatically in the previous few years, with the expansion in the number of remote gadgets and the quantity of new versatile clients. The throughput is the result of Transfer speed (Hz) and ghastly productivity (bits/s/Hz). To expand the throughput, either Transfer speed or unearthly productivity must be expanded. Since expanding the Transfer speed is an expensive factor, the unearthly proficiency must be contemplated. It tends to be expanded by utilizing multiple radio wires at the transmitter and collector. MIMO receiving wires upgrade both correspondence unwavering qualities just as the limit of correspondence (by sending diverse information in various radio wires). MIMO frameworks are consolidated in a few new-age remote standards like LTE—Progressed, Remote Local Area Network (LAN), and so on. The primary test in the Multi-User MIMO (MU-MIMO) framework is the interference between the co-channel clients. Consequently, a mind-boggling collector procedure must be utilized to decrease the co-channel interference. This section presents the review of interference mitigation, channel allocation, power allocation techniques, etc., for massive MIMO.

Ashraf et al. (2017) have considered downlink non-symmetrical multiple entrance agreeable correspondence frameworks. The base station (BS) serves two kinds of clients, which were named relay client (RU) and far client (FU). The BS and RU were furnished with multiple send receiving wires. The RU harvests energy from the BS transmissions to play out the transferring activity for the FU. They have thought about (1) intensify forward; (2) translate forward and (3) quantize-map-forward transferring protocols at the RU. As the BS and RU have multiple reception apparatuses, thusly they think about (1) beamforming and (2) arbitrary receiving wire choice methodologies at the BS and RU.

Youssef et al. (2017) have proposed new resource distribution methods that permit the coupling of NOMA with MIMO frameworks (Aldiabat et al. 2018, 2019). As in most downlink NOMA frameworks, the relative decency (PF) scheduler is utilized. Concerning power allotment (Dad), most past works expect an equivalent Dad among receiving wires and subgroups, which is imperfect (Alhayani and Abdallah 2021; Alhayani et al. 2021b). They initially proposed a procedure to decrease the intricacy of the PF scheduler, and afterward, they present an iterative water filling-based force assignment to the Single-Client MIMO (SU-MIMO) case.

Ali et al. (2016b) have momentarily depicted the distinctions in the working standards of uplink and downlink NOMA transmissions. At that point, for both uplink and downlink NOMA, they figure a total throughput expansion issue in a phone to such an extent that the client bunching and power allotments in NOMA cluster(s) can be enhanced under transmission power imperatives, least rate necessities of the clients, and SIC limitations. Specifically, they proposed a low-intricacy problematic client gathering plan.

Ali et al. (2016a) have proposed a straight beamforming strategy in which all the get radio wires can fundamentally drop the between-group interference. Then again, the get radio wires in each bunch were booked on the force area NOMA premise with SIC at the beneficiary finishes. For between bunch and intra-group power designation, they furnish dynamic force portion arrangements with the target of amplifying the general cell limit.

Al-Abbasi et al. (2017) have considered resource assignment for a downlink, multi-client (MU) MIMO-NOMA framework that targets augmenting the aggregate rate with interference arrangement (IA) strategy. Utilizing particular deterioration esteem (SVD)-based IA, they proposed IA-based NOMA framework in which various clients were gathered while the others were adjusted to the invalid space as interference. The focused on gathering clients utilizes NOMA with a low intricacy various leveled power assignments conspire for entirety rate expansion.

Baig et al. (2017) have presented a Discrete-Sine Change (DST) grid precoding-based uplink NOMA conspires that has been proposed to diminish the higher PAPR. PC recreations show that the DST framework precoding-based uplink NOMA plot has lower PAPR when contrasted with the Walsh-Hadamard Change (WHT) network precoding-based uplink NOMA conspire and non-went before uplink NOMA plot accessible in the writing.

Cui et al. (2016) have studied a downlink multiple-input single-output (MISO) framework joined with NOMA, where a solitary beamforming (BF) vector is shared by a gathering of clients. A joint BF and force portion calculation were proposed to amplify the whole pace of the clients with better channel conditions while ensuring the nature of administration for the client with helpless channel conditions.

Gao et al. (2015) have proposed an interference-mindful (IA) pillar determination. In particular, by considering the potential multi-client interferences, the proposed IA bar determination initially arranges all clients into two client gatherings, i.e., the interference-clients (IUs) and non-interference clients (NIUs). For NIUs, the pillars with enormous force were chosen, while for IUs, the fitting shafts were chosen by a low intricacy gradual calculation dependent on the rule of entirety rate augmentation.

Let et al. (2015) have examined the mystery execution of a two-client downlink non-symmetrical multiple entrance framework. Both single-input and single-output and multiple-input and single-output frameworks with various communicate reception apparatus determination (TAS) systems were thought of.

Shin et al. (2016) have presented the NOMA idea as introduced toward future improvements of range proficiency in lower recurrence groups for the downlink of the 5G framework. Key part advancements of NOMA were introduced and talked about including multiuser transmission power distribution, booking calculation, beneficiary plan, and blend of NOMA with multi-receiving wire innovation.

Xu et al. (2017) have presented two novels facilitated beamforming methods were created to upgrade the presentation of no symmetrical multiple entrances (NOMA) joined with multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) correspondence within the sight of between cell interference. The proposed conspires effectively manage between cell interference and increment the cell-edge clients' throughput, which thusly improves client reasonableness. Furthermore, they increment the quantity of served clients, which makes them reasonable for 5G networks where massive availability and higher otherworldly productivity were required.

Zeng et al. (2017) have given an outline of the reasonings infusing massive MIMO, NOMA, and interleave division multiple entrances (IDMA) in a bound together system. The author's accentuation is on multi-client acquired that alludes to the upside of permitting multiuser transmission in massive MIMO. Such addition can offer tens or even many occasions of rate increment. The primary trouble in accomplishing multi-client acquire is the dependence on precise channel state data (CSI) in the current plans.

Zerihun and Wondie (2018) have presented a presentation of MIMO-NOMA as researched when multiple clients were assembled into a bunch. The predominance of MIMO-NOMA over MIMO symmetrical multiple entrances (MIMO-OMA) regarding both the whole channel limit and the ergodic total limit is demonstrated systematically.

Azeem et al. (2019) have explored the advantages of massive MIMO regarding limit and energy effectiveness. Execution assessments of massive MIMO were given concerning phantom proficiency and energy productivity. The significant difficulties for the pragmatic arrangement of massive MIMO were talked about in detail.

In Wang et al. (2019), sub-exhibit has based receiving wire Choice Plan (Backtalk) for massive MIMO in 5G dependent on a sub-cluster exchanging design proposed to accomplish ideal throughput, energy proficiency, and limit.

In Bhatia (2020), another two-level beamforming coordination technique recommended that segments an enormous network into bunches. They performed intra-cluster coordination like the client choice calculations in a multi-client multiple-input and multiple-output (MU-MIMO) to boost the utility capacity or limits the sign to-interference in addition to clamor proportion (SINR) work inside a group.

Sapkale (2018) have introduced four key innovations, in particular intellectual radio, NOMA in heterogeneous networks, remote storing, and massive MIMO were investigated for 5G and past frameworks.

5G state-of-arts

Recently several 5G resource allocation methods were proposed, we reviewed some of them in this section. For IoT applications, integrating the 5G standard must require to address the challenges of 5G networks to gain complete benefits. Therefore, the goal of this paper is to study various recent solutions that recently focused on massive MIMO optimizations and 5G resource management methods before applying them for IoT applications.

Calabrese et al. (2018) have proposed a new examination investigation of Portability Management (MM) arrangements in the cell network for the future. The proposed technique includes the decrease of postponement during handoff and examination for versatility management in both Low speed and Fast situations to lessen the defer and improve the QoS execution.

Sadreddini et al. (2018) have proposed lean radio resource management engineering that exploits late advances in the field of machine learning in the mix with a lot of information promptly accessible in the network from estimations and framework perceptions.

Alsaeedy and Chong (2019) have proposed a high-level client fulfillment mindful range management methodology for dynamic Authorized Shared Admittance (LSA) management in 5G networks to adjust both the associated client fulfillment and the Versatile Network Administrator (MNO) resource use. They planned the proposed approach utilizing an MNO choice strategy that joins both evaluating and dismissal rules in the carried out measures.

Saddoud et al. (2019) have proposed an answer to tackle the issue named gNB-based UE portability following (gNB-based UMT). This arrangement has four highlights accomplishing 5G objectives. In the first place, the versatile IoT/UEs will not, at this point trigger the TAU to report their area changes, giving a lot higher force investment funds with no flagging overhead. All things being equal, second, the network components, firearms, assume control over the duty of Following and Finding these IoT/UEs, giving consistently known IoT/UE areas. Third, their Paging strategy is especially improved over the customary one, giving exceptionally quick IoT/UE reachability with no Paging messages being sent at the same time. Fourth, this arrangement ensures lightweight flagging overhead with low Paging delay.

In Yan et al. (2019), two schedulers for IoT correspondences have been dependent on the QoS prerequisites proposed. The proposed plans give the best situations that intend to give a compromise between the two sorts of deals by ensuring the network execution and staying away from ineffectual abuse of accessible resources.

In Akkari and Dimitriou (2020), a savvy resource booking system (RSS) for 5G RAN cutting was proposed. The fundamental thought of an RSS is to misuse a synergistic learning system that comprises deep learning (DL) related to support learning (RL). In particular, DL is utilized to perform huge time-scale resource assignments, while RL had used to perform online resource booking for handling modest scope network elements, including incorrect expectations and startling network states. Contingent upon the measure of accessible authentic traffic information, and RSS can deftly change the importance between the expectation and online choice modules for helping RAN in settling on resource planning choices.

Karneyenka et al. (2017) have introduced a succinct outline of the patterns in versatility management by considering the arising 5G models and administration types (eMBB, mMTC, URLLC). The author tended to the portability management developmental strides in flagging dependent on the novel design components considering the prerequisites of various vertical use cases that will prompt the necessary throughput, inactivity, and adaptability.

Rodoshi et al. (2020) have presented new calculations for bunching towers dependent on the spot and for pressing baseband unit groups dependent on the forecast of versatility and traffic designs and examine their intricacies for 5G correspondences.

Awoyemi et al. (2020) have introduced an exhaustive study on the cutting edge resource management strategies that have been proposed as of late for this engineering. The resource management methods were classified into computational resource management (CRM) and radio resource management (RRM) strategies. At that point, both of the procedures were additionally grouped and examined dependent on the techniques utilized in the investigations.

You et al. (2019) have introduced an examination investigation of different advancement moves that were being investigated for tending to resource issues in 5G and IoT. The classes approach such arrangements and talked about their qualities and shortcomings, while new and energizing exploration bearings were examined. One of the examination regions distinguished, to be specific, the part of range accessibility had tended to.

Artificial intelligence for 5G

Because of the different advantages of utilizing computer-based intelligence strategies, it acquired critical expert's consideration in the course of the most recent decade. Utilizing man-made intelligence in 5G and consequently in IoT brings a few benefits for future correspondences.

Hussain et al. (2019) have introduced an examination on a few promising exploration bearings in simulated intelligence for 5G advancements dependent on a comprehension of the vital innovations in 5G. Besides, they zeroed in on giving plan standards including 5G network improvement, ideal resource designation, 5G actual layer brought together speed increase, start to finish actual layer joint enhancement, etc.

Hussain et al. (2020) and Javaid et al. (2018) have introduced a precise and top to a bottom overview of the machine learning-and deep learning-based resource management systems for 5G and IoT networks. They started difficulties of resource management in cell IoT and low-power IoT networks, audit the conventional resource management systems for IoT networks, and persuaded the utilization of machine learning and deep learning methods for resource management in these networks.

McClellan et al. (2020) have examined the difficulties and important arrangements of the 5G and IoT advancements including the IoT-based 5G empowering innovations. They further talked about the requirement for simulated intelligence in future IoT-based 5G networks from the point of view of Kipling's technique.

Khattab and Youssry (2020) have examined cutting edge for machine learning inside versatile edge figuring and the advances required in computerizing versatile resource portion, portability displaying security, and energy proficiency for 5G networks.

Srinidhi et al. (2020) have researched the utilization of calculations that endeavor machine learning in IoT frameworks. They isolated the machine learning-based IoT calculations into those which give productive answers for the IoT fundamental activity challenges, like a limitation, bunching, steering, and information conglomeration, and those which target execution-related difficulties, for example, clog control, flaw location, resource management, and security.

Adi et al. (2020) have proposed propounds a multi-duplicate directing calculation dependent on machine learning named prophet or improved Prophet (likelihood steering convention utilizing the historical backdrop of experiences and transitivity) for IoT. The prophet utilizes progressively changing context-oriented data of hubs and the conveyance likelihood of Prophet to complete message move.

Alhayani et al. (2021a) have checked on how IoT-produced information is handled for machine learning investigation and features the current difficulties in assisting astute arrangements in the IoT climate. The proposed structure empowers IoT applications to adaptively gain from other IoT applications.

Methodology and results

This section presents the WSN network designed for IoT-based Smart Healthcare System (SHS) using the 5G and IoT standards. We can use WSN-assisted IoT systems for various applications. The common requirement of each SHS application is related to energy efficiency, i.e., the lower energy consumption of on-field sensor nodes. Apart from that, communication delay, security, and QoS performance are vital requirements of SHS applications. Figure 2 shows the proposed design of a smart healthcare system that consists of various layers of Industry 4.0 (IoT) standards such as edge layer, fog layer, and storage layer. The edge layer consists of the number of nodes that collect the patient’s periodic information using different body sensors. The red-colored nodes indicate the patients equipped with the body sensors. The medical data collected as edge layer wirelessly transmitted towards the fog nodes at the fog layer. The fog node receives the locally collected information from the edge devices. Fog nodes can be routers, access points, gateways, or base stations. Finally, the storage layer receives data from the fog nodes for storage and analysis purposes. Cloud storage services are used by many applications to access, analyze, and decision-making purpose.

Fig. 2

System design for smart healthcare system using 5G and IoT standards

5G configurations and state-of-art

As the network communications depend on the 5G standard, we design the 5G communication links according to the below parameters for simulation and performance analysis. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the performance of recent 5G resource management techniques for IoT-enabled networks. We have implemented the methods like Multi-Traffic IoT (MT-IoT) (Saddoud et al. 2019), Intelligent Resource Scheduling for 5G (IRS-5G) (Yan et al. 2019), and Resource Optimisation in 5G (RO-5G) (Awoyemi et al. 2020). The methods are implemented as per their methodology presented. At the edge layer, the nodes are distributed among the small cell and macrocell as per the properties given below:

The radius of the small cell is 50 m (m),

the macrocell radius is 500 m,

the bandwidth of the macrocell and the small cell is 100 Mbps,

the average spectrum efficiency of the macrocell is 5 bit/s/Hz,

The path loss coefficient is 3.2 for the urban environment.

In macrocells, parameters of Base Station (BS) operating power are configured as ɑmacro = 21.45 and Bmacro = 354.44 W, respectively. In small cells, parameters of BS operating power are configured as ɑsmall = 7.84 and Bsmall = 71.50 W, respectively. The lifetime of Macro BS (MBS) and Small BS (SBS).

are assumed as 10 and 5 years, respectively. Other parameters are listed in Table 1.

Table 1

5G multi-tier network configuration parameters

Wireless backhaul frequencies	5.8 GHz	28 Hz	60 GHz
ɑmacro	21.45	21.45	21.45
Bmacro	354 W	354 W	354 W
PTXmacro (coverage radius is 500 m)	10 W	233 W	1070 W
EEMinitmacro	75GJ	75GJ	75GJ
EEMmaintmacro	10 GJ	10 GJ	10 GJ
Tliftimemacro	10 years	10 years	10 years
ɑsmall	7.84	7.84	7.84
Bsmall	71 W	71 W	71 W
PTXsmall (coverage radius is 50 m)	6.3 Mw	147 Mw	675 Mw
POPsmall (coverage radius is 50 m)	71 W	72 W	76 W
EEMinitsmall + EEMmaintsmall (percentage in total energy consumption	20%	20%	20%
Tlifetimesmall	5 years	5 years	5 years

Simulation results

We implemented the methods in NS2 by designing the networks of varying small cells as per the other simulation parameters mentioned in Table 2. The state-of-art protocols are evaluated using vital performance metrics such as:

Table 2

Network configuration parameters

Number of small cells	25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150
Traffic patterns	CBR (constant bit rate)
Network size (X × y)	1200 × 1200
Max SPEED	10 m/s
Simulation time	500 s
Transmission packet rate time	10 m/s
Pause time	1.0 s
Routing protocol	Shortest path tree
MAC protocol	802.22

: This metrics calculates the average time between the packet origination time at the all sources and the packet reaching time at the all destination nodes. It is computed as:where N is number of total transmission links, is transmission delay of ith link, is propagation delay of ith link, is processing delay of ith link, and is transmission delay of ith link.

: It computes the average energy consumption by entire network after the end of simulation by measuring the remaining consumed energy of all nodes. The total energy consumed is computed as:where and are initial and consumed energy of ith node, respectively. N is total number of nodes in network. The average consumed energy is computed as:

: It is the calculation of the ratio of packet received by the destinations which are sent by the various sources of the different traffic patterns. It is computed as:where, Pr is number of received packets and Pg number of generated packets.

: This metrics calculates the total number of packets delivered per second, i.e., total number of messages which are delivered per second. The average throughput in Kbps is:where R is complete received packets at all destination nodes, T2 is simulation stop time and T1 simulation start time.

Figures 3, 4, 5, and 6 are showing the outcome of average throughput, average communication delay, average energy consumption, and PDR, respectively. From these results, we noticed that none of the existing protocols achieved the complete performance trade-off.

Fig. 3

Average throughput performance analysis

Fig. 4

Average communication delay analysis

Fig. 5

Average energy consumption analysis

Fig. 6

Average throughput the cell energy consumption with PDR

Research gaps analysis

As per the current progress of 5G studied in this paper and obtained simulation results, applying the 5G standards in IoT applications has concerns related to radio resource optimization and interference management. Radio resource and interference management will be a key exploration challenge in multi-level and heterogeneous 5G cell networks particularly for IoT applications, for example, brilliant transportation frameworks, medical services management, and so on. The research gaps noticed are good candidates for a future roadmap in domain 5G and IoT.

The traditional methods for radio resource and interference management in single-level networks may not be effective in this climate and another investigate the interference management issue will be required.

Heterogeneity and scalability challenges of IoT cannot be addressed by currently available massive MIMO and 5G methods.

Multi-traffic data communication in IoT using 5G is challenging task by considering the resource constrained IoT devices.

The simulation results shown that performances are not showing any single technique superior over the others, i.e., lack of performance trade-offs.

Conclusion and future work

Progressions in the 5G standard and its integration with emerging Industry 4.0 and AI innovations were studied in this paper. The fast-expanding savvy devices and IoT modules in volume produce a huge measure of information traffic, putting extra weight on existing portable remote sensor networks. This paper presents an itemized review on the combination of 5G, Massive MIMO, and AI for improving IoT performance. The wide range of recent studies reviewed throughout this paper and based on it the research gaps for future roadmap discussed. We further have designed the novel model for smart healthcare monitoring using the methods of 5G and IoT together. The model was implemented and evaluated using the recent 5G methods for resource and interference management. The simulation results reveal the research gaps for further development.