Mechanically and biologically promoted cell-laden constructs generated using tissue-specific bioinks for tendon/ligament tissue engineering applications.

Tendon and ligament tissues provide stability and mobility crucial for musculoskeletal function, but are particularly prone to injury. Owing to poor innate healing capacity, the regeneration of mature and functional tendon/ligament (T/L) poses a formidable clinical challenge. Advanced bioengineering strategies to develop biomimetic tissue implants are highly desired for the treatment of T/L injuries. Here, we presented a cell-based tissue engineering strategy to generate cell-laden tissue constructs comprising stem cells and tissue-specific bioinks using 3D cell-printing technology. We implemented anin vitropreconditioning approach to guide semi-organized T/L-like formation before thein vivoapplication of cell-printed implants. Duringin vitromaturation, tissue-specific decellularized extracellular matrix-based cellular constructs facilitated long-termin vitroculture with high cell viability and promoted tenogenesis with enhanced cellular/structural anisotropy. Moreover, we demonstrated improved cell survival/retention uponin vivoimplantation of pre-matured constructs in nude mice with de novo tendon formation and improved mechanical strength. Althoughin vivomechanical properties of the cell-printed implants were lower than those of human T/L tissues, the results of this study may have significant implications for future cell-based therapies in tendon and ligament regeneration and translational medicine.