Jason M Nagata1, F Hunter McGuire2, Jason M Lavender3, Tiffany A Brown4, Stuart B Murray5, Emilio J Compte6, Chloe J Cattle7, Annesa Flentje8, Micah E Lubensky9, Juno Obedin-Maliver10, Mitchell R Lunn11. 1. Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, Box 0110, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. Electronic address: Jason.Nagata@ucsf.edu. 2. The Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Dr, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA. Electronic address: hunter.mcguire@wustl.edu. 3. Military Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Program (MiCOR), Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; The Metis Foundation, 300 Convent St #1330, San Antonio, TX 78205, USA. Electronic address: jason.lavender.ctr@usuhs.edu. 4. Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; San Diego State University Research Foundation, 5250 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA 92182, USA. Electronic address: tiffanybrown@auburn.edu. 5. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar St #2200, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA. Electronic address: stuart.murray@med.usc.edu. 6. Eating Behavior Research Center, School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Diagonal Las Torres 2640, Santiago, Peñalolén, Región Metropolitana, Chile; Research Department, Comenzar de Nuevo Treatment Center, Avenida Humberto Lobo 1001, Del Valle, 66220 San Pedro Garza García, N.L., Mexico. Electronic address: emilio.compte@uai.cl. 7. Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, Box 0110, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. Electronic address: chloe.cattle@ucsf.edu. 8. Department of Community Health Systems, University of California, San Francisco, 2 Koret Way San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Alliance Health Project, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1930 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94102, USA; The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. Electronic address: Annesa.Flentje@ucsf.edu. 9. Department of Community Health Systems, University of California, San Francisco, 2 Koret Way San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. Electronic address: Micah.Lubensky@ucsf.edu. 10. The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, 150 Governor's Lane, HRP Redwood Building, Stanford, CA 94305-5405, USA. Electronic address: junoom@stanford.edu. 11. The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, 150 Governor's Lane, HRP Redwood Building, Stanford, CA 94305-5405, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. Electronic address: lunn@stanford.edu.
Abstract
PURPOSE: Appearance and performance-enhancing drugs and supplements (APEDS) are used to enhance muscle growth, athletic performance, and physical appearance. The aim of this study was to examine the lifetime use of APEDS and associations with eating disorder and muscle dysmorphia symptoms among cisgender sexual minority people. METHODS: Participants were cisgender sexual minority people (1090 gay men, 100 bisexual plus men, 564 lesbian women, and 507 bisexual plus women) recruited from The PRIDE Study in 2018 who reported lifetime APEDS use and completed the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI). Regression analyses stratified by gender and sexual orientation examined associations of any APEDS use with EDE-Q and MDDI scores. RESULTS: Lifetime APEDS use was common across the four groups of cisgender sexual minority people (44% of gay men, 42% of bisexual plus men, 29% of lesbian women, and 30% of bisexual plus women). Protein supplements and creatine supplements were the most commonly used APEDS. Any APEDS use was associated with higher EDE-Q scores on one or more subscales in all sexual minority groups. Further, any APEDS use was associated with higher MDDI Total Scores in all groups; any APEDS use was associated with all MDDI subscale scores in cisgender gay men only. DISCUSSION: APEDS use is common and associated with eating disorder and muscle dysmorphia symptoms in sexual minority men and women, thus highlighting the importance of assessing for these behaviors and symptoms among these populations in clinical settings.
PURPOSE: Appearance and performance-enhancing drugs and supplements (APEDS) are used to enhance muscle growth, athletic performance, and physical appearance. The aim of this study was to examine the lifetime use of APEDS and associations with eating disorder and muscle dysmorphia symptoms among cisgender sexual minority people. METHODS: Participants were cisgender sexual minority people (1090 gay men, 100 bisexual plus men, 564 lesbian women, and 507 bisexual plus women) recruited from The PRIDE Study in 2018 who reported lifetime APEDS use and completed the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI). Regression analyses stratified by gender and sexual orientation examined associations of any APEDS use with EDE-Q and MDDI scores. RESULTS: Lifetime APEDS use was common across the four groups of cisgender sexual minority people (44% of gay men, 42% of bisexual plus men, 29% of lesbian women, and 30% of bisexual plus women). Protein supplements and creatine supplements were the most commonly used APEDS. Any APEDS use was associated with higher EDE-Q scores on one or more subscales in all sexual minority groups. Further, any APEDS use was associated with higher MDDI Total Scores in all groups; any APEDS use was associated with all MDDI subscale scores in cisgender gay men only. DISCUSSION: APEDS use is common and associated with eating disorder and muscle dysmorphia symptoms in sexual minority men and women, thus highlighting the importance of assessing for these behaviors and symptoms among these populations in clinical settings.
Authors: Deepika D Parmar; Amy Alabaster; Stanley Vance; Miranda L Ritterman Weintraub; Josephine S Lau Journal: J Adolesc Health Date: 2021-05-27 Impact factor: 5.012
Authors: Stuart B Murray; Scott Griffiths; Jonathan M Mond; Joseph Kean; Aaron J Blashill Journal: Drug Alcohol Depend Date: 2016-06-16 Impact factor: 4.492
Authors: Jason M Nagata; Kyle T Ganson; Scott Griffiths; Deborah Mitchison; Andrea K Garber; Eric Vittinghoff; Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo; Stuart B Murray Journal: Int J Adolesc Med Health Date: 2020-06-05
Authors: Jason M Nagata; F Hunter McGuire; Jason M Lavender; Tiffany A Brown; Stuart B Murray; Richard E Greene; Emilio J Compte; Annesa Flentje; Micah E Lubensky; Juno Obedin-Maliver; Mitchell R Lunn Journal: Int J Eat Disord Date: 2022-03-30 Impact factor: 5.791