Towards organism-level systems biology by next-generation genetics and whole-organ cell profiling.

The system-level identification and analysis of molecular and cellular networks in mammals can be accelerated by "next-generation" genetics, which is defined as genetics that can achieve desired genetic makeup in a single generation without any animal crossing. We recently established a highly efficient procedure for producing knock-out (KO) mice using the "Triple-CRISPR" method, which targets a single gene by triple gRNAs in the CRISPR/Cas9 system. This procedure achieved an almost perfect KO efficiency (96-100%). We also established a highly efficient procedure, the "ES-mouse" method, for producing knock-in (KI) mice within a single generation. In this method, ES cells were treated with three inhibitors to keep their potency and then injected into 8-cell-stage embryos. These procedures dramatically shortened the time required to produce KO or KI mice from years down to about 3 months. The produced KO and KI mice can also be systematically profiled at a single-cell resolution by the "whole-organ cell profiling," which was realized by tissue-clearing methods, such as CUBIC, and an advanced light-sheet microscopy. The review describes the establishment and application of these technologies above in analyzing the three states (NREM sleep, REM sleep, and awake) of mammalian brains. It also discusses the role of calcium and muscarinic receptors in these states as well as the current challenges and future opportunities in the next-generation mammalian genetics and whole-organ cell profiling for organism-level systems biology. © International Union for Pure and Applied Biophysics (IUPAB) and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2021.