| Literature DB >> 35024894 |
Johanna Mitterreiter1, Heinrich Scheiblauer2, Sarah Fiedler3, Julia Kreß4.
Abstract
Infections with hepatitis B, C, and E virus (HBV, HCV, and HEV) can be transmitted via blood and cause severe acute or chronic liver infections. To ensure the safety of blood donations and protect recipients from virus transmissions, blood donations in Germany are tested for viral genomes using nucleic acid amplification techniques (NATs) as well as for viral antigens and antibodies by serological testing. This article describes the relevant regulations on the safety of blood and blood products in Germany and the various screening methods. The safety of blood products is assessed.Currently used NAT methods for detection of hepatitis viruses are based either on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or isothermal methods such as transcription-mediated amplification (TMA), which enable a highly sensitive detection of viral infections and thereby contribute to the reduction of the diagnostic window. Antigen tests for the detection of viral surface protein of hepatitis B virus in blood donations were introduced in the 1970s in order to prevent potential transmissions. Since the introduction of mandatory testing for HCV-specific antibodies in 1992, HCV NAT testing in 1999, anti-HBc antibody testing in 2006, and the non-mandatory HBV NAT, which is voluntarily performed by most of the blood establishments, blood safety has increased tremendously. Only a few isolated cases of transfusion-transmitted infections in the early window period have been reported since. The success of the recent introduction of mandatory HEV NAT testing in 2020 will have to be assessed in the upcoming years. Besides blood donor screening, the system for blood safety in Germany is supplemented by additional measures for donor selection and pathogen inactivation.Entities:
Keywords: Antigen testing; Blood safety; Blood screening; Hepatitis virus; NAT
Mesh:
Substances:
Year: 2022 PMID: 35024894 PMCID: PMC8813843 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-021-03480-0
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz ISSN: 1436-9990 Impact factor: 1.513
| Marker | Serologie | NAT |
|---|---|---|
| HBV | Anti-HBc a, HBsAg | – |
| HCV | Anti-HCV | HCV |
| HEV | – | HEV |
| HIV-1/2 | Anti-HIV-1/2 | HIV-1/2 |
| WNV b | – | WNV |
| Syphilis | Anti-Treponema pallidum | – |
a Anti-HBc-reaktive und HBsAg-negative Blutspenden dürfen freigegeben werden, wenn 2 weitere, vom initialen verwendeten Screeningtest verschiedene Anti-HBc-Testsysteme (oder ein Anti-HBc-Bestätigungstest) und eine Testung auf HBV-Genome mittels NAT (Mindestsensitivität ≤ 5 IE/mL) negative Testergebnisse ergeben [10, 38]
b WNV West-Nil-Virus. Von der saisonalen (1.06.–30.11.), 4‑wöchigen Spenderrückstellung kann durch ein WNV-NAT-Screening abgewichen werden
NAT Nukleinsäureamplifikationstechniken, HBV Hepatitis-B-Virus, HCV Hepatitis-C-Virus, HEV Hepatitis-E-Virus, HIV Humanes Immundefizienz-Virus, WNV West-Nil-Virus, HBc Hepatitis-B-Virus Oberflächenprotein, HBsAg Hepatitis-B-Virus Core-Antigen
| Marker | Testname | Hersteller | Testprinzip | Messprinzip |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HBV DNA | cobas MPX (6800/8800 System) | Roche Diagnostics | Screening (multiplex) | PCR |
| HBV DNA | cobas TaqScreen MPX Test, v2.0 | Roche Diagnostics | Screening (multiplex) | PCR |
| HBV DNA | Procleix Ultrio Elite Assay | Grifols Diagnostic Solutions Inc | Screening (multiplex) | TMA |
| HBV DNA | Procleix Ultrio Plus Assay | Grifols Diagnostic Solutions Inc | Screening (multiplex) | TMA |
| HBV DNA | Procleix Ultrio Assay | Grifols Diagnostic Solutions Inc | Screening (multiplex) | TMA |
| HBV DNA | Virus Screening PCR Kit, v1.3 | GFE Blut mbH | Screening (multiplex) | PCR |
| HCV RNA | cobas MPX (6800/8800 System) | Roche Diagnostics | Screening (multiplex) | PCR |
| HCV RNA | cobas TaqScreen MPX Test, v2.0 | Roche Diagnostics | Screening (multiplex) | PCR |
| HCV RNA | Procleix Ultrio Elite Assay | Grifols Diagnostic Solutions Inc | Screening (multiplex) | TMA |
| HCV RNA | Procleix Ultrio Plus Assay | Grifols Diagnostic Solutions Inc | Screening (multiplex) | TMA |
| HCV RNA | Procleix Ultrio Assay | Grifols Diagnostic Solutions Inc | Screening (multiplex) | TMA |
| HCV RNA | Virus Screening PCR Kit, v1.3 | GFE Blut mbH | Screening (multiplex) | PCR |
| HEV RNA | cobas HEV (6800/8800 System) | Roche Diagnostics | Screening | PCR |
| HEV RNA | Procleix HEV Assay | Grifols Diagnostic Solutions Inc | Screening | TMA |
| Anti-HBc | Alinity i Anti-HBc II Reagenz | Abbott GmbH | Indirekt (Anti-Human-IgG, -IgM) | CMIA |
| Anti-HBc | Alinity s Anti-HBc Reagenz | Abbott GmbH | Indirekt (Anti-Human-IgG, -IgM) | CMIA |
| Anti-HBc | Architect Anti-HBc II Reagenz | Abbott GmbH | Indirekt (Anti-Human-IgG, -IgM) | CMIA |
| Anti-HBc | Prism HBcore Reagenz | Abbott GmbH | Kompetitiv | CLIA |
| Anti-HBc | Access HBc Ab | Beckman Coulter | Indirekt (Protein A) | CLIA |
| Anti-HBc | Monolisa Anti-HBc Plus | Bio-Rad | Indirekt (Anti-Human-IgG, -IgM) | ELISA |
| Anti-HBc | Liaison Anti-HBc | DiaSorin S.p.A. | Kompetitiv | CLIA |
| Anti-HBc | Murex anti-HBc (total) | DiaSorin S.p.A. – UK Branch | Kompetitiv | ELISA |
| Anti-HBc | Anti-HBc | Roche Diagnostics | Kompetitiv | ECLIA |
| Anti-HBc | Elecsys Anti-HBc II | Roche Diagnostics | Kompetitiv | ECLIA |
| Anti-HBc | Advia Centaur Anti-HBc Total (HBcT) | Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics | Sandwich | CLIA |
| Anti-HBc | Advia Centaur HBc Total 2 (HBcT2) | Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics | Sandwich | CLIA |
| Anti-HBc | Atellica IM Anti Hepatitis B core Total (HBcT) | Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics | Sandwich | CLIA |
| Anti-HBc | Atellica IM HBc Total 2 (HBcT2) | Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics | Sandwich | CLIA |
| HBsAg | Alinity i HBsAg Qualitative II Reagenz | Abbott GmbH | Sandwich | CMIA |
| HBsAg | Alinity i HBsAg Reagenz | Abbott GmbH | Sandwich (quantitativ) | CMIA |
| HBsAg | Alinity s HBsAg Reagenz | Abbott GmbH | Sandwich | CMIA |
| HBsAg | Architect HBsAg Qualitative II Reagenz | Abbott GmbH | Sandwich | CMIA |
| HBsAg | Prism HBsAg Reagenz | Abbott GmbH | Sandwich | CLIA |
| HBsAg | Access HBsAg | Beckman Coulter | Sandwich | CLIA |
| HBsAg | Liaison XL murex HBsAg Quant | DiaSorin S.p.A. | Sandwich (quantitativ) | CLIA |
| HBsAg | Elecsys HBsAg II | Roche Diagnostics | Sandwich | ECLIA |
| HBsAg | HBsAg II | Roche Diagnostics | Sandwich | ECLIA |
| HBsAg | Advia Centaur HBsAg II (HBsII) | Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics | Sandwich | CLIA |
| HBsAg | Atellica IM Hepatitis B surface Antigen II (HBsII) | Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics | Sandwich | CLIA |
| Anti-HCV | Alinity i Anti-HCV Reagenz | Abbott GmbH | Indirekt (Anti-Human-IgG/IgM) | CMIA |
| Anti-HCV | Alinity s Anti-HCV Reagenz | Abbott GmbH | Sandwich | CMIA |
| Anti-HCV | Architect Anti-HCV Reagenz | Abbott GmbH | Indirekt (Anti-Human-IgG/IgM) | CMIA |
| Anti-HCV | Prism HCV Reagenz | Abbott GmbH | Indirekt (Anti-Human-IgG) | CLIA |
| Anti-HCV | Liaison XL murex HCV Ab | DiaSorin S.p.A. | Indirekt (Anti-Human-IgG) | CLIA |
| Anti-HCV | HCV 3.0 ELISA Test System with Enhanced SAVe | Ortho – Clinical Diagnostics | Indirekt (Anti-Human-IgG) | ELISA |
| Anti-HCV | Anti-HCV II | Roche Diagnostics | Sandwich | ECLIA |
| Anti-HCV | Elecsys Anti-HCV II | Roche Diagnostics | Sandwich | ECLIA |
| Anti-HCV | Advia Centaur Anti-HCV | Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics | Indirekt (Anti-Human-IgG) | CLIA |
| Anti-HCV | Atellica IM Hepatitis C (aHCV) | Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics | Indirekt (Anti-Human-IgG) | CLIA |
| HCV Ag/Ab | Murex HCV Ag/Ab Combination | DiaSorin S.p.A. – UK Branch | Sandwich | ELISA |
PCR Polymerasekettenreaktion, TMA Transcription-mediated Amplification, CMIA Chemiluminescent Microparticle Immunoassay, CLIA Chemolumineszenz-Immunoassay, ELISA Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, ECLIA Elektrochemilumineszenz-Immunoassay



| Anti-HBc-Reaktivität in 9 verschiedenen Anti-HBc-Tests | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Klasse | |||||
| Gruppe | Reaktivität in zusätzlichen HBV-Markern | A) 9 Tests | B) 5–8 Tests | C) < 5 Tests | |
| 1) | Anti-HBc only | 13 (6,9 %) | 0 | 8 | 5 |
| 2) | Anti-HBc + Anti-HBs | 62 (33,5 %) | 50 | 11 | 2 |
| Anti-HBc + Anti-HBe | 7 (3,7 %) | 7 | 0 | 0 | |
| 3) | Anti-HBc + Anti-HBs + Anti-HBe | 105 (55,9 %) | 105 | 0 | 0 |
| Anti-HBc + Anti-HBs + HBV-DNA | 1 (0,53 %) | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| – | – | – | 162 (86,2 %) | 19 (10,1 %) | 7 (3,7 %) |
| – | – | (168 (89,4 %) insgesamt Anti-HBs positiv) | |||
| (112 (59,6 %) insgesamt Anti-HBe positiv) | |||||
Daten aus [35]
Gruppe nach Anzahl der detektierbaren HBV-Marker: 1) isoliert Anti-HBc reaktiv („Anti-HBc only“); 2) positiv auf einen zweiten HBV-Marker (Anti-HBs oder Anti-HBe); 3) positiv auf 3 HBV-Marker (Anti-HBc plus Anti-HBs, plus Anti-HBe oder HBV-DNA)
Klasse nach Häufigkeit von Anti-HBc-positiv in allen 9 Anti-HBc-Tests: A) reaktiv in allen 9 Anti-HBc-Tests, B) reaktiv bei 5–8 Anti-HBc-Tests; C) reaktiv bei 4 oder weniger Anti-HBc-Tests