V Papadopoulos1, D Filippou2, K Mimidis3. 1. Department of Internal Medicine, Xanthi General Hospital, Xanthi. 2. Laboratory of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens. 3. First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis Greece.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: It has been claimed that smoking is linked with an increased risk for gallbladder disease (GBD); however, related issues need further consolidation and clarification. The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to further investigate the potent correlation between GBD and smoking. METHODS: We conducted a comprehensive literature review to identify every study published from January 1989 to December 2019, reporting risk estimates regarding GBD and smoking. The random-effect, generic inverse variance method, according to description by DerSimonian and Laird, was used to compute pooled estimates. We used the Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale to appraise the included studies' quality. RESULTS: Thirty published case-control, cross-sectional, and cohort studies including 4,623,435 individuals met the eligibility criteria and were considered for data synthesis. Compared to the non-smokers, ever smokers had 1.25 times higher odds of developing GBD [95 % confidence interval (CI): 1.09-1.44]; however, increased heterogeneity was observed (I2 =96 %, 95 % CI: 62-100 %, p <0.001). Publication bias was non-significant (Eggers' regression p =0.072). The main sources of heterogeneity, as detected by meta-regression analyzing study characteristics, biases and confounders, were non-adjustment for family history (p =0.007) and alcohol (p =0.020), respectively. Subgroup analysis indicated a comparable risk for GBD as far as current, former and ever smokers are concerned (p =0.520). Quantitative analysis suggested a dose-effect for current smoking and GBD (p =0.010). CONCLUSIONS: Non-smokers were demonstrated to be at a lower risk of presenting GBD when compared with ever smokers; all relevant risk estimates necessitate adjustment for family history and alcohol intake. HIPPOKRATIA 2020, 24(4): 147-156. Copyright 2020, Hippokratio General Hospital of Thessaloniki.
BACKGROUND: It has been claimed that smoking is linked with an increased risk for gallbladder disease (GBD); however, related issues need further consolidation and clarification. The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to further investigate the potent correlation between GBD and smoking. METHODS: We conducted a comprehensive literature review to identify every study published from January 1989 to December 2019, reporting risk estimates regarding GBD and smoking. The random-effect, generic inverse variance method, according to description by DerSimonian and Laird, was used to compute pooled estimates. We used the Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale to appraise the included studies' quality. RESULTS: Thirty published case-control, cross-sectional, and cohort studies including 4,623,435 individuals met the eligibility criteria and were considered for data synthesis. Compared to the non-smokers, ever smokers had 1.25 times higher odds of developing GBD [95 % confidence interval (CI): 1.09-1.44]; however, increased heterogeneity was observed (I2 =96 %, 95 % CI: 62-100 %, p <0.001). Publication bias was non-significant (Eggers' regression p =0.072). The main sources of heterogeneity, as detected by meta-regression analyzing study characteristics, biases and confounders, were non-adjustment for family history (p =0.007) and alcohol (p =0.020), respectively. Subgroup analysis indicated a comparable risk for GBD as far as current, former and ever smokers are concerned (p =0.520). Quantitative analysis suggested a dose-effect for current smoking and GBD (p =0.010). CONCLUSIONS: Non-smokers were demonstrated to be at a lower risk of presenting GBD when compared with ever smokers; all relevant risk estimates necessitate adjustment for family history and alcohol intake. HIPPOKRATIA 2020, 24(4): 147-156. Copyright 2020, Hippokratio General Hospital of Thessaloniki.
Authors: S Kono; K Shinchi; I Todoroki; S Honjo; Y Sakurai; K Wakabayashi; K Imanishi; H Nishikawa; S Ogawa; M Katsurada Journal: Scand J Gastroenterol Date: 1995-04 Impact factor: 2.423
Authors: Beverley J Shea; Barnaby C Reeves; George Wells; Micere Thuku; Candyce Hamel; Julian Moran; David Moher; Peter Tugwell; Vivian Welch; Elizabeth Kristjansson; David A Henry Journal: BMJ Date: 2017-09-21