Daniel Mønsted Shabanzadeh1,2, Lars Tue Sørensen1,3, Torben Jørgensen2,4,5. 1. a Digestive Disease Center , Bispebjerg University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark ; 2. b Research Centre for Prevention and Health , Centre for Health , Capital Region , Denmark ; 3. c Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark ; 4. d Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark ; 5. e The Faculty of Medicine , Aalborg University , Aalborg , Denmark.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Only few determinants of gallstone formation have been identified in cohort studies. The aim was to identify further determinants for gallstones in a Danish cohort and to perform a meta-analysis of results from existing cohorts. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data from a cohort study was used. Gallstone incidence was assessed through repeated ultrasound examinations. Body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, self-rated health, lifestyle variables, blood lipids, and use of female sex hormones were measured at the baseline examination. Statistical analyses included logistic regression. Based on a prospective protocol, a systematic review of the literature was performed identifying all articles dealing with determinants of incident gallstones. Meta-analyses of comparable determinants were performed through fixed effect models. RESULTS: Participants with no gallstones at baseline and with at least one re-examination were followed-up completely (mean 11.6 years, N = 2848). The overall cumulative incidence of gallstones was 0.60% per year. Independent positive determinants for incident gallstones were age, female sex, non-high density lipoprotein (non-HDL) cholesterol, and gallbladder polyps. In addition, BMI was positively associated in men. The systematic review additionally identified associations for comorbidities, parity, and dietary factors. Meta-analysis confirmed the significant associations for incident gallstones and age, female sex, BMI, and non-HDL cholesterol. No significant associations were found for blood pressure, smoking, alcohol consumption, HDL cholesterol, or triglycerides in meta-analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Age, female sex, BMI, non-HDL cholesterol, and polyps are independent determinants for gallstone formation. Incident gallstones and the metabolic syndrome share common risk factors. More studies are needed for further exploration.
OBJECTIVE: Only few determinants of gallstone formation have been identified in cohort studies. The aim was to identify further determinants for gallstones in a Danish cohort and to perform a meta-analysis of results from existing cohorts. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data from a cohort study was used. Gallstone incidence was assessed through repeated ultrasound examinations. Body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, self-rated health, lifestyle variables, blood lipids, and use of female sex hormones were measured at the baseline examination. Statistical analyses included logistic regression. Based on a prospective protocol, a systematic review of the literature was performed identifying all articles dealing with determinants of incident gallstones. Meta-analyses of comparable determinants were performed through fixed effect models. RESULTS:Participants with no gallstones at baseline and with at least one re-examination were followed-up completely (mean 11.6 years, N = 2848). The overall cumulative incidence of gallstones was 0.60% per year. Independent positive determinants for incident gallstones were age, female sex, non-high density lipoprotein (non-HDL) cholesterol, and gallbladder polyps. In addition, BMI was positively associated in men. The systematic review additionally identified associations for comorbidities, parity, and dietary factors. Meta-analysis confirmed the significant associations for incident gallstones and age, female sex, BMI, and non-HDL cholesterol. No significant associations were found for blood pressure, smoking, alcohol consumption, HDL cholesterol, or triglycerides in meta-analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Age, female sex, BMI, non-HDL cholesterol, and polyps are independent determinants for gallstone formation. Incident gallstones and the metabolic syndrome share common risk factors. More studies are needed for further exploration.
Authors: Janine Wirth; Mingyang Song; Teresa T Fung; Amit D Joshi; Fred K Tabung; Andrew T Chan; Cornelia Weikert; Michael Leitzmann; Walter C Willett; Edward Giovannucci; Kana Wu Journal: Int J Epidemiol Date: 2018-12-01 Impact factor: 7.196
Authors: Janine Wirth; Amit D Joshi; Mingyang Song; Dong Hoon Lee; Fred K Tabung; Teresa T Fung; Andrew T Chan; Cornelia Weikert; Michael Leitzmann; Walter C Willett; Edward Giovannucci; Kana Wu Journal: Am J Clin Nutr Date: 2020-09-01 Impact factor: 7.045
Authors: Dirk R Bulian; Jurgen Knuth; Panagiotis Thomaidis; Anna Rieger; Claudia Simone Seefeldt; Jonas Lange; Jurgen Meyer; Michael A Stroehlein; Markus M Heiss Journal: Surg Endosc Date: 2018-05-16 Impact factor: 4.584
Authors: Bonna Leerhøy; Daniel M Shabanzadeh; Andreas Nordholm-Carstensen; Srdan Novovic; Mark B Hansen; Lars N Jørgensen Journal: United European Gastroenterol J Date: 2017-11-09 Impact factor: 4.623