Cecilia Peralta1, Antonio P Strafella2,3,4, Thilo van Eimeren5,6, Roberto Ceravolo7, Klaus Seppi8, Valtteri Kaasinen9, Julieta E Arena10, Stephane Lehericy11,12,13. 1. Movement Disorders Clinic, Neuroscience Department Hospital Universitario CEMIC, Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas "Norberto Quirno" Buenos Aires Argentina. 2. Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorder Unit & E.J. Safra Parkinson Disease Program, Division of Neurology/Department of Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital University Health Network Toronto Ontario Canada. 3. Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network Toronto Ontario Canada. 4. Brain Health Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada. 5. Department of Nuclear Medicine University of Cologne Cologne Germany. 6. Department of Neurology University of Cologne Cologne Germany. 7. Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine University of Pisa Pisa Italy. 8. Department of Neurology Medical University Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria. 9. Clinical Neurosciences University of Turku and Turku University Hospital Turku Finland. 10. Movement Disorders Section, Department of Neurology, Fleni Buenos Aires Argentina. 11. Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Team "Movement Investigations and Therapeutics," Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche-CENIR, Neuroradiology Department Paris France. 12. Sorbonne Université, INSERM U, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale 1127, National Centre for Scientific Research, Unité mixte de recherche 7225 Paris France. 13. Department of Neuroradiology Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris Paris France.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Rapid advances in neuroimaging technologies in the exploration of the living human brain also apply to movement disorders. However, the accurate diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) and atypical parkinsonian disorders (APDs) still remains a challenge in daily practice. METHODS: We review the literature and our own experience as the Movement Disorder Society-Neuroimaging Study Group in Movement Disorders with the aim of providing a practical approach to the use of imaging technologies in the clinical setting. RESULTS: The enormous amount of articles published so far and our increasing recognition of imaging technologies contrast with a lack of imaging protocols and updated algorithms for differential diagnosis. The distinctive pathological involvement in different brain structures and the correlation with imaging findings obtained with magnetic resonance, positron emission tomography, or single-photon emission computed tomography illustrate what qualitative and quantitative measures may be useful in the clinical setting. CONCLUSION: We delineate a pragmatic approach to discuss imaging technologies, updated imaging algorithms, and their implications for differential diagnoses in PD and APDs.
BACKGROUND: Rapid advances in neuroimaging technologies in the exploration of the living human brain also apply to movement disorders. However, the accurate diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) and atypical parkinsonian disorders (APDs) still remains a challenge in daily practice. METHODS: We review the literature and our own experience as the Movement Disorder Society-Neuroimaging Study Group in Movement Disorders with the aim of providing a practical approach to the use of imaging technologies in the clinical setting. RESULTS: The enormous amount of articles published so far and our increasing recognition of imaging technologies contrast with a lack of imaging protocols and updated algorithms for differential diagnosis. The distinctive pathological involvement in different brain structures and the correlation with imaging findings obtained with magnetic resonance, positron emission tomography, or single-photon emission computed tomography illustrate what qualitative and quantitative measures may be useful in the clinical setting. CONCLUSION: We delineate a pragmatic approach to discuss imaging technologies, updated imaging algorithms, and their implications for differential diagnoses in PD and APDs.
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