| Literature DB >> 35004473 |
Abstract
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the noise level and frequency experienced by premature infants receiving incubator care in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).Entities:
Keywords: Neonatal intensive care units (NICU); Noises; Premature infant
Year: 2020 PMID: 35004473 PMCID: PMC8650934 DOI: 10.4094/chnr.2020.26.2.296
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Child Health Nurs Res ISSN: 2287-9110
General Characteristics of Participants (N=20)
| Characteristics | Categories | n (%) | M±SD | Min~Max |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | Male | 11 (55.0) | ||
| Female | 9 (45.0) | |||
| Gestational age (week) | <32 | 7 (35.0) | 33.1±2.8 | 28.9~36.7 |
| ≥32 | 13 (65.0) | |||
| Birth weight (g) | <1,500 | 6 (30.0) | 1728.0±363.0 | 1,230.0~2,490.0 |
| ≥1,500 | 14 (70.0) | |||
| Hospital day (day) | <14 | 9 (45.0) | 19.5±11.9 | 2.0~42.0 |
| ≥14 | 11 (55.0) | |||
| Apgar score | 1 minute | 7.0±1.8 | 4.0~9.0 | |
| 5 minutes | 9.0±1.1 | 7.0~10.0 | ||
| O2 inhalation | Yes | 3 (15.0) | ||
| No | 17 (85.0) |
O2=Oxygen.
Relationships between Personal and Physical Environmental Characteristics in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and Noise Levels and Frequencies (N=20)
| Characteristics | Total | Day shift | Evening shift | Night shift | Noise level | Noise frequency |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M±SD | M±SD | M±SD | M±SD | r ( | r ( | |
| Number of patients | 11.50±2.31 | 11.80±1.93 | 11.53±2.29 | 11.22±2.97 | .13 (.347) | -.03 (.820) |
| Number of staff members | 12.88±3.78 | 15.67±3.35 | 13.95±3.39 | 9.44±0.92 | .36 (.009) | .38 (.005) |
| Number of visitors | 1.54±2.09 | 0.93±0.96 | 2.95±2.74 | 0.56±0.92 | .17 (.234) | .08 (.573) |
| Number of monitors | 13.06±2.86 | 13.46±2.07 | 13.21±2.76 | 12.56±3.54 | -.01 (.952) | .08 (.580) |
| Number of ventilators | 1.56±1.32 | 1.33±1.18 | 1.74±1.28 | 1.56±1.50 | .15 (.287) | .21 (.134) |
| Number of infusion pumps | 7.60±6.82 | 5.40±2.59 | 9.00±7.33 | 7.94±8.40 | .34 (.013) | .36 (.008) |
| Distance between incubator and nursing station (meter) | 7.91±1.95 | 8.01±2.01 | 7.81±2.00 | 7.93±1.95 | -.31 (.026) | -.02 (.867) |
Noise Levels (dB) According to Noise Sources in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N=6,120)
| Sources of noise | Total | Day shift | Evening shift | Night shift | F ( | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M±SD | Min | Max | M±SD | M±SD | M±SD | ||||
| Human factors | 51.45±2.77 | 45.2 | 65.7 | 52.80±2.90a | 51.61±2.87b | 50.14±1.98c | 4.33 (.018) | ||
| c<a[ | |||||||||
| Staff-related factors | 51.97±3.22 | 45.3 | 65.7 | 53.22±2.91 | 52.19±3.69 | 50.70±2.57 | |||
| Conversation | 51.46±2.85 | 45.5 | 65.7 | 52.14±2.78 | 51.66±3.22 | 50.67±2.44 | |||
| Laughter | 54.57±4.40 | 45.6 | 64.5 | 55.92±4.45 | 55.58±4.52 | 52.31±3.50 | |||
| Coughing | 51.23±3.96 | 46.0 | 61.9 | 51.34±2.60 | 51.36±4.60 | 51.10±4.68 | |||
| Rounding | 52.64±6.64 | 45.3 | 49.8 | 55.90±6.95 | 47.75±0.21 | - | |||
| Footsteps | 48.86±3.45 | 45.4 | 63.2 | 50.44±5.11 | 48.38±2.08 | 47.51±1.37 | |||
| Visitor-related factors | 48.78±2.04 | 45.8 | 49.2 | - | 49.20±2.09 | 47.10±0.14 | |||
| Crying sound of other babies | 50.53±3.22 | 45.2 | 64.6 | 51.63±3.57 | 51.55±3.35 | 48.37±1.12 | |||
| Machine alarm sound factors | 51.57±3.08 | 45.0 | 67.4 | 52.76±3.91 | 51.42±2.76 | 50.73±2.37 | 1.89 (.162) | ||
| Ventilator alarm | 51.15±5.54 | 46.1 | 62.5 | 50.00 | 49.17±2.38 | 53.01±7.32 | |||
| Monitor alarm | 49.44±2.24 | 45.0 | 62.8 | 49.69±3.14 | 49.59±1.77 | 49.07±1.83 | |||
| Infusion pump alarm and operation | 54.64±4.59 | 45.3 | 67.4 | 57.09±6.28 | 54.16±3.74 | 53.07±2.68 | |||
| Incubator alarm | 49.59±3.60 | 45.0 | 63.5 | 48.94±2.24 | 51.01±4.95 | 48.77±2.80 | |||
| Factors related to incubator operation | 52.50±3.92 | 45.0 | 73.3 | 52.72±3.31 | 52.58±4.17 | 52.23±4.30 | 0.07 (.935) | ||
| Opening and closing | 52.62±3.99 | 45.0 | 73.3 | 52.30±3.93 | 53.11±4.24 | 52.42±3.94 | |||
| Knocking | 52.82±5.06 | 46.5 | 66.1 | 54.56±5.01 | 50.53±2.20 | 52.79±6.53 | |||
| Water refilling | 52.60±4.24 | 48.4 | 49.8 | 55.60 | 49.60 | - | |||
| Factors related to nursing activities | 50.72±2.41 | 45.0 | 81.7 | 51.62±2.61 | 50.85±2.34 | 49.83±2.12 | 2.43 (.099) | ||
| Sounds related to direct nursing activities | 50.11±2.70 | 45.0 | 67.6 | 50.92±2.73 | 50.29±2.68 | 49.25±2.61 | |||
| Using a dressing cart | 50.06±2.71 | 45.1 | 62.0 | 51.16±2.69 | 50.19±2.74 | 48.99±2.42 | |||
| Using a dressing set | 49.83±4.42 | 45.3 | 62.3 | - | 48.28±2.41 | 52.95±7.14 | |||
| Moving (crib) | 52.13±5.51 | 46.7 | 65.2 | 53.21±5.89 | 49.20 | 48.20±1.13 | |||
| Hand-washing sound | 48.53±2.62 | 45.0 | 59.3 | 48.57±1.90 | 48.33±3.15 | 48.87±2.83 | |||
| Removing the packaging of IV fluids and syringe | 49.35±3.16 | 45.1 | 67.6 | 49.90±4.10 | 49.09±2.68 | 49.13±2.87 | |||
| Examination or preparation to take an X-ray | 53.04±4.36 | 45.3 | 65.2 | 50.31±1.45 | 54.48±5.05 | 54.27±4.58 | |||
| Other | 51.04±2.41 | 45.1 | 81.7 | 52.12±2.62 | 51.10±2.36 | 50.09±1.98 | |||
| Using computers | 50.69±4.05 | 45.2 | 56.6 | 47.60±0.85 | 51.88±4.09 | 50.20±5.94 | |||
| Using the trash can | 50.23±2.82 | 42.6 | 62.5 | 51.19±3.02 | 50.46±3.23 | 49.18±1.81 | |||
| Sounds of moving chairs | 49.81±2.97 | 45.1 | 62.9 | 50.07±3.22 | 50.44±3.53 | 48.88±1.77 | |||
| Door-opening sounds | 48.30±2.19 | 45.2 | 50.7 | 50.33±3.26 | 47.95±1.96 | 47.58±0.95 | |||
| Drawer-opening and closing sounds | 49.72±2.66 | 45.1 | 60.4 | 50.30±2.62 | 49.57±2.72 | 49.41±2.74 | |||
| Sounds when things bump together or fall down | 52.68±2.67 | 45.4 | 81.7 | 54.13±3.14 | 52.70±2.28 | 51.45±2.06 | |||
| Sounds of moving things | 55.22±4.85 | 46.1 | 67.9 | 55.27±4.72 | 54.73±4.17 | 55.99±6.54 | |||
| Factors related to the internal environment | 52.37±4.57 | 45.6 | 65.0 | 51.72±4.07 | 52.68±4.87 | 52.71±4.99 | 0.22 (.805) | ||
| Sound of telephone ringing | 52.31±4.74 | 46.2 | 65.0 | 52.20±5.06 | 52.03±4.47 | 53.06±5.26 | |||
| Intercom sound | 52.69±5.43 | 45.6 | 62.0 | 52.15±6.29 | 53.14±5.44 | 52.48±4.95 | |||
| Total | 51.25±2.33 | 45.0 | 81.7 | 52.12±2.54 | 51.32±2.34 | 50.44±1.96 | 2.22 (.119) | ||
Scheffé test, p<.050;
IV=intravenous.
Noise Frequencies According to Noise Sources in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (N=6,120)
| Sources of noise | Total | Day shift | Evening shift | Night shift | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||
| Human factors | 1,780 (29.1) | 596 (30.3) | 743 (30.3) | 441 (25.9) | ||
| Staff-related factors | 1,484 (24.3) | 478 (24.3) | 610 (24.9) | 396 (23.2) | ||
| Conversation | 1,112 (18.2) | 358 (18.2) | 460 (18.8) | 294 (17.2) | ||
| Laughter | 234 (3.8) | 68 (3.5) | 106 (4.3) | 60 (3.5) | ||
| Coughing | 66 (1.1) | 31 (1.5) | 10 (0.4) | 25 (1.5) | ||
| Rounding | 11 (0.2) | 7 (0.4) | 4 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Footsteps | 61 (1.0) | 14 (0.7) | 30 (1.2) | 17 (1.0) | ||
| Visitor-related factors | 21 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 20 (0.8) | 1 (0.1) | ||
| Crying sound of other babies | 275 (4.5) | 118 (6.0) | 113 (4.6) | 44 (2.6) | ||
| Machine alarm sound factors | 1,232 (20.1) | 362 (18.4) | 448 (18.3) | 422 (24.8) | ||
| Ventilator alarm | 19 (0.3) | 3 (0.2) | 6 (0.2) | 10 (0.6) | ||
| Monitor alarm | 683 (11.1) | 216 (11.0) | 235 (9.6) | 232 (13.6) | ||
| Infusion pump alarm and operation | 446 (7.3) | 126 (6.3) | 173 (7.1) | 147 (8.7) | ||
| Incubator alarm | 84 (1.4) | 17 (0.9) | 34 (1.4) | 33 (1.9) | ||
| Factors related to incubator operation | 406 (6.6) | 115 (5.8) | 171 (7.0) | 120 (7.0) | ||
| Opening and closing | 360 (5.9) | 101 (5.1) | 151 (6.2) | 108 (6.3) | ||
| Knocking | 40 (0.6) | 12 (0.6) | 16 (0.6) | 12 (0.7) | ||
| Water refilling | 6 (0.1) | 2 (0.1) | 4 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Factors related to nursing activities | 2,465 (40.3) | 815 (41.4) | 959 (39.2) | 691 (40.5) | ||
| Sounds related to direct nursing activities | 762 (12.5) | 270 (13.7) | 277 (11.3) | 215 (12.6) | ||
| Using a dressing cart | 380 (6.3) | 115 (5.8) | 142 (5.8) | 123 (7.2) | ||
| Using a dressing set | 20 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (0.3) | 12 (0.7) | ||
| Moving (crib) | 37 (0.6) | 33 (1.7) | 2 (0.1) | 2 (0.1) | ||
| Hand-washing sound | 64 (1.0) | 25 (1.3) | 24 (1.0) | 15 (0.9) | ||
| Removing the packaging of IV fluids and syringe | 175 (2.9) | 48 (2.4) | 78 (3.2) | 49 (2.9) | ||
| Examination or preparation to take an X-ray | 86 (1.4) | 49 (2.5) | 23 (0.9) | 14 (0.8) | ||
| Other | 1,703 (27.8) | 545 (27.7) | 682 (27.9) | 476 (27.9) | ||
| Using computers | 19 (0.3) | 2 (0.1) | 14 (0.6) | 3 (0.2) | ||
| Using the trash can | 541 (8.8) | 167 (8.5) | 192 (7.9) | 182 (10.7) | ||
| Sounds of moving chairs | 284 (4.6) | 87 (4.4) | 108 (4.4) | 89 (5.2) | ||
| Door-opening sounds | 138 (2.3) | 29 (1.5) | 76 (3.2) | 33 (1.9) | ||
| Drawer-opening and closing sounds | 165 (2.7) | 59 (3.0) | 67 (2.7) | 39 (2.3) | ||
| Sounds when things bump together or fall down | 417 (6.8) | 126 (6.4) | 175 (7.1) | 116 (6.8) | ||
| Sounds of moving things | 139 (2.3) | 75 (3.8) | 50 (2.0) | 14 (0.8) | ||
| Internal environmental factors | 237 (3.9) | 80 (4.1) | 127 (5.2) | 30 (1.8) | ||
| Sound of telephone ringing | 135 (2.2) | 58 (2.9) | 65 (2.7) | 12 (0.7) | ||
| Intercom sound | 102 (1.7) | 22 (1.2) | 62 (2.5) | 18 (1.1) | ||
| Total | 6,120 (100.0) | 1,968 (100.0) | 2,448 (100.0) | 1,704 (100.0) | ||
IV=intravenous.