| Literature DB >> 35004464 |
Hyeon Jin Kim, Hyun Young Koo.
Abstract
PURPOSE: This study was conducted to identify correlations between how much fever management information mothers obtained from the internet and their actual knowledge and practices of fever management.Entities:
Keywords: Fever; Infant; Internet; Knowledge; Mother
Year: 2020 PMID: 35004464 PMCID: PMC8650942 DOI: 10.4094/chnr.2020.26.2.190
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Child Health Nurs Res ISSN: 2287-9110
Differences in Knowledge and Practices of Fever Management According to Participants' General Characteristics (N=172)
| Variables | Categories | n (%) | Fever management knowledge | Fever management practices | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M±SD | t or F ( | M±SD | t or F ( | ||||
| Demographic characteristics | Age | <35 | 88 (51.2) | 28.6±3.4 | 1.03 | 82.2±8.7 | 0.24 |
| 35~39 | 65 (37.8) | 28.6±3.2 | (.359) | 81.2±8.8 | (.785) | ||
| ≥40 | 19 (11.0) | 27.5±2.9 | 82.1±8.2 | ||||
| Educational attainment | ≤High school graduation | 12 (7.0) | 26.75±2.90 | 1.92 | 84.17±7.31 | 0.99 | |
| ≥College graduation | 160 (93.0) | 28.61±3.25 | (.056) | 81.61±8.73 | (.325) | ||
| Employment status | Employed | 84 (48.8) | 28.57±3.37 | 0.37 | 80.90±9.16 | 1.32 | |
| Not employed | 88 (51.2) | 28.39±3.15 | (.710) | 82.64±8.09 | (.190) | ||
| Number of children | 1 | 74 (43.0) | 28.15±3.67 | 0.78 | 82.39±8.61 | 0.38 | |
| 2 | 88 (51.2) | 28.67±2.83 | (.461) | 81.23±8.95 | (.684) | ||
| ≥3 | 10 (5.8) | 29.20±3.55 | 82.30±6.33 | ||||
| Number of times children had a fever in the last year | 1~2 | 69 (40.1) | 28.16±3.26 | 0.79 | 80.23±9.77 | 1.89 | |
| 3~4 | 62 (36.1) | 28.87±3.16 | (.455) | 82.82±7.99 | (.154) | ||
| ≥5 | 41 (23.8) | 28.41±3.39 | 82.85±7.29 | ||||
| Number of doctor visits for children's fever | 0a | 13 (7.7) | 27.92±3.33 | 0.123 | 74.69±12.42 | 3.00 | |
| 1b | 28 (16.3) | 28.61±3.17 | (.974) | 82.61±8.69 | (.020) | ||
| 2c | 54 (31.3) | 28.50±3.16 | 81.06±9.12 | a<d[ | |||
| 3d | 40 (23.2) | 28.60±3.22 | 83.33±6.93 | ||||
| ≥4e | 37 (21.5) | 28.41±3.36 | 83.08±6.99 | ||||
| Experiences of searching the internet for information on fever managemen | Number of experiences of searching for fever management information | 0 | 43 (25.0) | 28.30±3.02 | 0.084 | 79.23±9.13 | 1.77 |
| 1~2 | 46 (26.7) | 28.63±3.24 | (.969) | 82.91±8.41 | (.155) | ||
| 3~5 | 51 (29.7) | 28.53±3.75 | 82.20±9.22 | ||||
| ≥6 | 32 (18.6) | 28.41±2.82 | 82.97±6.87 | ||||
| Use of fever management information from the internet (n=129) | Yes | 119 (92.2) | 28.71±3.29 | 2.04 | 82.46±8.47 | 0.85 | |
| No | 10 (7.8) | 26.50±3.34 | (.044) | 84.80±6.58 | (.397) | ||
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| Method of searching for information on fever management on the internet[ | Internet blog or post | 53 (27.2) | |||||
| Internet encyclopedia (Naver Jisik-iN, Daum encyclopedia, etc.) | 52 (26.7) | ||||||
| Health information websites (health information sites of medical institutions, organizational websites, etc.) | 8 (4.1) | ||||||
| Internet communities (internet cafés, etc.) | 62 (31.8) | ||||||
| SNS (Instagram, Facebook, YouTube, etc.) | 9 (4.6) | ||||||
| Other (applications, etc.) | 11 (5.6) | ||||||
| Purpose of searching the internet for fever management information[ | Finding information because of the child's fever | 82 (56.9) | |||||
| Satisfying curiosity about the child's fever | 55 (38.2) | ||||||
| Purchasing products related to the child's fever | 4 (2.8) | ||||||
| Others | 3 (2.1) | ||||||
| Reasons for not searching for fever management information through the internet (n=43) | No need to search | 15 (34.9) | |||||
| Too much information | 7 (16.3) | ||||||
| Lack of reliability | 13 (30.2) | ||||||
| Too much commercial information | 4 (9.3) | ||||||
| Other | 4 (9.3) | ||||||
| Resources consulted other than the internet[ | Doctor or nurse | 40 (63.5) | |||||
| Pharmacist | 7 (11.1) | ||||||
| Surrounding people | 10 (15.9) | ||||||
| Books | 5 (7.9) | ||||||
| Other | 1 (1.6) | ||||||
Scheffé test, p<.050;
Multiple-response item;
SNS=Social network services.
Fever Management Information from the Internet (N=129)
| Variables | M±SD |
|---|---|
| Characteristics of fever | 0.57±0.35 |
| Pharmacotherapeutic interventions | 0.66±0.24 |
| Physical interventions | 0.71±0.28 |
| Need to visit a doctor | 0.76±0.43 |
| Total | 0.66±0.21 |
Knowledge of Fever Management (N=172)
| Categories | Items | Correct answers (%) | Rank |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pathophysiology | Fever can lead to dehydration (T). | 97.7 | 1 |
| Children have a higher average temperature than adults (T). | 97.1 | 2 | |
| A viral infection is suspected when a child has a fever (T). | 96.5 | 3 | |
| A high fever can cause a febrile seizure (T). | 96.5 | 3 | |
| Fever can cause a loss of appetite (T). | 94.8 | 5 | |
| A fever can cause rashes, such as hives (T). | 91.9 | 6 | |
| Fever occurs when the body defends itself against an infection (T). | 89.0 | 7 | |
| If children are excited or nervous, they may have a fever (T). | 79.1 | 8 | |
| Hypothermia (below 35℃) is more dangerous than a high fever (40℃ or higher) (T). | 74.4 | 9 | |
| A fever is defined as an armpit body temperature of 37.2℃ or a tympanic body temperature of 38℃ or more (T). | 71.5 | 10 | |
| Medicine can cause a fever (T). | 57.6 | 11 | |
| Dehydration can cause a fever (T). | 48.3 | 12 | |
| It is not always harmful for a child to have a body temperature that is elevated, but remains below 40℃ (T). | 28.5 | 13 | |
| Febrile seizures are closely associated with epilepsy (F). | 27.3 | 14 | |
| The level of a fever is closely associated with disease severity (F). | 8.1 | 15 | |
| Subtotal | 70.5 | ||
| Fever management | A child needs to see a doctor if she/he has a fever accompanied by rash/abdominal pain/vomiting/diarrhea (T). | 100.0 | 1 |
| Antipyretic drugs must be kept out of reach of children (T). | 99.4 | 2 | |
| A child needs to rest when she/he has a fever (T). | 98.8 | 3 | |
| Water is not allowed when a child has a fever (F). | 95.3 | 4 | |
| If a child has a fever and refuses water or food, she/he should be taken to a doctor (T). | 95.3 | 4 | |
| Antipyretic syrup can be stored at room temperature (in a not humid, cool place) (T). | 93.6 | 6 | |
| When a child has a fever and is listless, she/he should be taken to a doctor (T). | 93.0 | 7 | |
| To reduce a child's temperature, she/he should be dressed in lightweight clothing (T). | 93.0 | 7 | |
| If a child has a fever for more than 2 days with no other symptoms, she/he should be taken to a doctor (T). | 92.4 | 9 | |
| When a child has a fever, it is helpful to force her/him to eat (F). | 91.3 | 10 | |
| When a child's temperature does not go down after taking an antipyretic drug, it is useful to give the child an increased dosage (F). | 89.5 | 11 | |
| To lower the child's temperature, it is effective to give her/him a cold bath (F). | 87.2 | 12 | |
| Siblings can share their medications if their symptoms are similar (F). | 85.5 | 13 | |
| Leftover medicine can be administered again if a child has similar symptoms (F). | 85.5 | 13 | |
| It is an effective to use ice water when administering a tepid water massage (F). | 84.3 | 15 | |
| After administering acetaminophen (Tylenol), it can be administered again after 3 hours if the fever does not go down (F). | 62.2 | 16 | |
| When giving a child an antipyretic drug, the medicine should slowly be administered on the side of the child's tongue (T). | 52.3 | 17 | |
| To lower the child's body temperature, the room's temperature can be cooled (T). | 50.0 | 18 | |
| If a child feels chilled right after a fever occurs, it is helpful to bundle her/him up with a blanket (T). | 50.0 | 18 | |
| To measure a 2-year-old child's temperature with a tympanic thermometer, the earlobe should to be pulled down and back (T). | 46.5 | 20 | |
| A tepid water massage should proceed from the limbs to the torso (F). | 30.8 | 21 | |
| Tepid water massages work best 30 minutes after taking an antipyretic drug (T). | 30.2 | 22 | |
| The most serious side effect of acetaminophen (Tylenol) is hepatotoxicity (T). | 29.1 | 23 | |
| It is very important to reduce the body temperature by using antipyretics to avoid febrile seizures (F). | 22.1 | 24 | |
| Antipyretic drugs should be taken when body temperature is above 38.3℃ (F). | 17.4 | 25 | |
| Body temperature should be used to determine whether to administer antipyretic drugs (F). | 14.5 | 26 | |
| Subtotal | 68.8 | ||
| Total | 69.5 |
T=True; F=False.
Practices of Fever Management (N=172)
| Items | M±SD | Rank |
|---|---|---|
| I give my child the prescribed dose of antipyretic drugs at the correct time. | 3.89±0.31 | 1 |
| I keep antipyretic drugs out of children's reach. | 3.88±0.46 | 2 |
| I let my child rest when she/he has a fever. | 3.83±0.46 | 3 |
| I check my child's temperature whenever she/he seems to have a fever. | 3.81±0.46 | 4 |
| I check the expiration date of antipyretic drugs before giving them to my child. | 3.77±0.58 | 5 |
| I take my child to a doctor when she/he has a fever with listlessness. | 3.77±0.57 | 6 |
| I give my child enough water when she/he has a fever. | 3.74±0.54 | 7 |
| When my child's tympanic temperature is above 38.4℃ and she/he is cranky or/and listless, I give her/him an antipyretic drug. | 3.64±0.69 | 8 |
| When my child has a fever, I remove most of her/his clothing or keep her/him in lightweight clothing. | 3.60±0.72 | 9 |
| I give my child liquid foods when she/he has a fever. | 3.45±0.79 | 10 |
| I do not force my child to eat when she/he has a fever with loss of appetite. | 3.42±0.76 | 11 |
| I do not give my child's prescription drugs to her/his siblings who seem to have the same symptoms. | 3.28±1.09 | 12 |
| I do not give my child leftover drugs prescribed for similar symptoms. | 3.28±1.07 | 13 |
| I use lukewarm water, which is 1~2℃ lower than body temperature, when giving my child a tepid water massage. | 3.25±0.95 | 14 |
| I re-check my child's temperature 30 minutes after a tepid water massage. | 3.18±1.00 | 15 |
| I rub my child's skin gently during a tepid water massage. | 3.13±1.00 | 16 |
| I wait at least 4 hours to administer another dose of antipyretic to my child even if her/his temperature has not gone down. | 3.02±1.15 | 17 |
| I monitor my child to see whether she/he has any side effects after taking an antipyretic. | 2.87±1.16 | 18 |
| When giving my child an antipyretic syrup, I push the plunger gradually to squirt small amounts of medicine into the sides of her/his mouth. | 2.87±1.07 | 19 |
| I complete the tepid water massage within 30 minutes. | 2.84±1.10 | 20 |
| To measure the tympanic temperature of a child under 3 years old, I tug the ear lobe, pulling it down and back. | 2.81±1.20 | 21 |
| I cover my child with a blanket when she/he has chills right after a fever has occurred. | 2.81±1.13 | 22 |
| I cool the room to help lower my child's body temperature. | 2.81±1.10 | 23 |
| I wipe my child's skin after a tepid water massage. | 2.63±1.21 | 24 |
| I give a tepid water massage 30 minutes after administering an antipyretic drug to my child. | 2.23±1.11 | 25 |
| Total=81.79±8.65, Mean=3.27±0.35 | ||
Correlations between Obtaining Information from the Internet, Knowledge, and Practices of Fever Management (N=129)
| Variables | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| r ( | r ( | r ( | r ( | r ( | r ( | r ( | r ( | r ( | |
| A. Characteristics of fever | 1 | ||||||||
| B. Pharmacotherapeutic interventions | .41 (<.001) | 1 | |||||||
| C. Physical interventions | .43 (<.001) | .29 (.001) | 1 | ||||||
| D. Visiting a doctor | .28 (.002) | .18 (.040) | .35 (<.001) | 1 | |||||
| E. Internet information (total) | .80 (< .001) | .76 (<.001) | .71 (< .001) | .46 (< .001) | 1 | ||||
| F. Pathophysiology | .03 (.751) | .15 (.092) | .01 (.942) | -.06 (.535) | .08 (.399) | 1 | |||
| G. Fever management | -.02 (.828) | .08 (.386) | .09 (.311) | -.03 (.709) | .05 (.547) | .16 (.036) | 1 | ||
| H. Knowledge (total) | -.00 (.960) | .13 (.147) | .08 (.373) | -.05 (.562) | .08 (.385) | .58 (<.001) | .90 (<.001) | 1 | |
| I. Practices | .18 (.038) | .14 (.127) | -.05 (.606) | .05 (.556) | .13 (.137) | .18 (.020) | .23 (.003) | .27 (< .001) | 1 |