| Literature DB >> 35004435 |
Hyewon Shin, Jung Min Lee, Kyung-Ah Kang, Shin-Jeong Kim.
Abstract
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to review sexual abuse prevention education program for Korean elementary school students.Entities:
Keywords: Education; Prevention; Sexual child abuse; Students
Year: 2019 PMID: 35004435 PMCID: PMC8650989 DOI: 10.4094/chnr.2019.25.4.435
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Child Health Nurs Res ISSN: 2287-9110
Figure 1.The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flow diagram of the articles retrieved and selection process.
Summary of Studies Included in the Integrative Review (N=12)
| Study | Design | Purpose | Outcome variables | Major findings | Implication | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Author (year) | Research design | Sample size, | Participants' | ||||
| 1. Ha & Lee (2014) | Descriptive study | 611 | 4th to 6th grade | To analyze elementary school students' fear of child sexual abuse, preventive behavior, and child sexual abuse experience | Fear of child sexual violence, prevention behavior, and experiences of child sexual violence | Children with fear of sexual abuse tend to have more preventive behaviors. In addition, children having preventive behaviors were less likely to be sexually victimized. | Education programs should be structured in ways that help them to recognize sexual violence and take preventive actions based on their characteristics (especially gender). |
| 2. Jung & Park (2003) | Descriptive study | 365 | 4th to 6th grade | To identify sexual violence perceptions and sexual knowledge in elementary school students | Sexual violence perception and sex-related knowledge | The mean score of sex-related knowledge was 8.93 (total of 20) and the average score of misconception on sexual violence was 2.30 (total of 4.50). The scores showed a negative correlation. | Developing sexual abuse education programs for elementary school students is essential. |
| 3. Jung & Song (2000) | Quasi-experimental design | E:71, C:72 | 5th to 6th grade | To develop and evaluate the effectiveness of a sex education program for 5th to 6th grade elementary students. | Sexual knowledge and attitudes | The provided education increased the students' sexual knowledge and changed their attitudes towards sex in a positive way. | After implementing the sex education program, subjects recognized changes in knowledge and attitudes towards sex. |
| 4. Kim, et al. (2013) | Descriptive study | 93 | 3rd to 6th grade | To understand the level of sexual violence perceived by students. | Sexual violence perception | Students wanted practical sexual education (12.2%) and they wanted various methods of education program using videos, lectures, plays, games, and virtual experiences. | The program and content of sexual violence prevention education should be systematized based on the recognition of sexual abuse by elementary school students. |
| 5. Kim, et al. (2016) | Descriptive study | 162, 1,372 | Teachers and 4th to 6th grade | To identify and compare the needs of elementary school students and teachers on sexual violence prevention education | The need for sexual violence prevention education | About 93.1% of elementary school students and 96.9% of teachers answered that sexual violence prevention education is necessary. However, only 53.2% of the students said that they were satisfied with the education that they received. | When developing sexual abuse prevention education programs for children, we should consider their educational needs. |
| 6. KIm & Kang (2017) | Quasi-experimental design | E:39, C:50 | 5th grade | To assess the effectiveness of the Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Training (C-SAPE) program | Knowledge and selfprotective behaviors of child sexual abuse | There were significant differences in the mean difference (t=3.35, | The C-SAPE program can be considered as an effective method to improve elementary school students' self-defense behavior against sexual abuse. |
| 7. Kim, et al. (2018) | One group posttest design | 10 | 1st to 3rd grade | To develop a sexual abuse prevention education program using a hybrid application | - | The content was divided into six categories: definition of sexual abuse, methods of coping with sexual violence, situational responses, areas of high risk of sexual abuse, related groups, and a follow-up quiz. | Sexual abuse prevention programs using hybrid apps can be an effective way to educate elementary students. |
| 8. Lee & Ha (2013) | Descriptive study | 822, 389 | Mothers and teachers | To analyze the myths of mothers and elementary school teachers on child sexual abuse to implement and recognize child preventive education | Myths on child sexual abuse and practice/per ception toward child sexual abuse prevention education | Mothers have had more myths about child sexual abuse than teachers. | It is necessary to emphasize the importance of parent and teacher roles to make child preventive education more effective. |
| 9. Moon, et al. (2017) | Quasi-experimental design | E1:15, E2:15, C:15 | 2nd grade | To develop and evaluate the effectiveness of the Sexual Abuse Prevention (SAP) mobile application. | Recognition of sexual abuse and skills to avoid sexual abuse | After the app intervention, the awareness and skills to avoid sexual abuse increased immediately after training and four weeks later among the experimental group. | SAP_MobAPP can be considered an effective method for sexual abuse prevention education at school. |
| 10. Yoon, et al. (2009) | One group pre-post test design | 60 | 3rd to 4th grade | To evaluate the effectiveness of the Sexual Education Program | Sexual knowledge, sexual attitudes, and satisfaction with sex education | The education program was an effective method for increasing participants' sexual knowledge and changing their attitudes toward sex. | The school should systematically implement all the sex education programs from the lower grades to the upper grades so that efforts to improve the effectiveness of the program implementation should be made. |
| 11. Yoon. (2008) | Descriptive study | 1,210 | Teachers | To analyze the needs and recognition of education to prevent childhood sexual abuse | Needs for recognition of sexual violence prevention content | The content and form of education to prevent sexual abuse of children varied greatly according to age, gender, years of work, work area, and relevant training experience. | Expand training opportunities for teachers on sexual violence prevention education, and provide proven programs and materials. |
| 12. Yoon. (2010) | Descriptive study | 300 | 2nd to 6th grade | To identify students' experiences and recognition of preventive education against sexual abuse. | Experience and awareness of sexual harassment and sexual violence prevention education | Sexual prevention education effects were low in boys and upper grades (4th to 6th grade). There was no significant difference in perception by gender and grade. | It is necessary to measure the awareness and prevention education programs of sexual abuse for children. |
E=Experimental group; C=Control group.
General Characteristics of the Included Studies (N=12)
| Variables | Categories | n (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Participants | Above 3rd grade | 7 (58.3) |
| 1st to 3rd grade | 2 (16.8) | |
| All grades | 1 (8.3) | |
| 4th to 6th grade, including teachers | 1 (8.3) | |
| Teachers | 1 (8.3) | |
| Publication year | 2000~2010 | 5 (41.7) |
| 2011~2015 | 3 (25.0) | |
| 2016~2018 (June) | 4 (33.3) | |
| Major field of researchers | Nursing | 5 (41.7) |
| Child welfare | 3 (25.0) | |
| Education | 3 (25.0) | |
| Others | 1 (8.3) | |
| Research design | Descriptive study | 7 (58.3) |
| Nonequivalent control group pre-posttest design | 3 (25.0) | |
| One group pre-post test design | 2 (16.7) | |
| Sample size | Below 100 | 5 (41.7) |
| 101~300 | 3 (25.0) | |
| 301~500 | 1 (8.3) | |
| 501~1,000 | 2 (16.7) | |
| Above 1,001 | 1 (8.3) | |
| Ethical considerations | Yes | 7 (58.3) |
| NA | 5 (41.7) |
NA=Not applicable.
List of Reviewed Articles on a Sexual Abuse Prevention Education Programs (N=12)
| No. | Authors | Title | Journal | Gough's WOE (a,b,c-d) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ha & Lee (2014) | Fear of child sexual violence, prevention behavior, and upper elementary school victims' experiences of child sexual violence | Asian Journal of Child Welfare and Development. 12(2);43-65. | H,H,H-H |
| 2 | Jung & Park (2003) | Elementary school high grade students' perceptions of sexual violence | The Journal of Korean Community Nursing. 14(1);45-54. | H,H,H-H |
| 3 | Jung & Song (2000) | A study of the development and effect of sex education programs for grade 5 and 6 student of elementary schools | Journal of Human Ecology. 1(2); 133-161. | H,H,M-H |
| 4 | Kim, et al. (2013) | Content analysis of sexual abuse recognized by elementary school students | Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education. 19(4);518-530. | H,H,H-H |
| 5 | Kim, et al. (2016) | Comparison of needs for sexual abuse prevention education between elementary school students and teachers | Child Health Nursing Research. 22(3);215-226. | H,H,H-H |
| 6 | Kim & Kang (2017) | Effects of the child sexual abuse prevention education (C-SAPE) program on South Korean fifth-grade students' competence in terms of knowledge and self-protective behaviors | The Journal of School Nursing. 33(2);123-132. | H,H,H-H |
| 7 | Kim, et al. (2018) | Development of a sexual abuse prevention education program for elementary school students using a hybrid application | Child Health Nursing Research. 24(1);109-118. | H,H,H-H |
| 8 | Lee & Ha (2013) | Practices and perceptions of child sexual abuse prevention education through the myths of mothers and teachers | Asian Journal of Child Welfare and Development. 11(2);41-66. | H,H,H-H |
| 9 | Moon, et al. (2017) | Sexual abuse prevention mobile application (SAP_MobAPP) for primary school children in Korea | Journal of Child Sexual Abuse. 26(5);573-589. | H,H,H-H |
| 10 | Yoon, et al. (2009) | A study on the efficiency of a sex education program for elementary school students | Journal of Korean Practical Arts Education. 22(1);73-92. | H,H,H-H |
| 11 | Yoon (2008) | Elementary school teachers' needs assessments and perceptions on school education programs to prevent sexual abuse to children | Korean Home Economics Education Association. 20(3); 231-258. | H,H,H-H |
| 12 | Yoon (2010) | A study on children's experiences and recognition of preventive education against sexual abuse | Journal of Korean Practical Arts Education. 23(3);59-78. | H,H,H-H |
WOE=Weight of evidence; H=High; M=Medium; a=Methodological trustworthiness; b=Methodological relevance; c=Topic relevance; d=Overall scores.
Major Content of the Intervention Studies (N=5)
| No. | Author (year) | Intervention | Outcome | Statistical significance | Effect size | Concepts | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type & providers | Duration/number of sessions (min/session) | Control group | Objectives | Topic | Method | ||||||
| 1 | Jung & Song (2000) | Group intervention: sexual education by school health teacher | 8 weeks / 8 (50 min) | Not provided | Sexual knowledge | Yes | NA | Promote a safer attitude toward sex and increase participants' sexual health in a positive direction. | 1. | The physical and emotional changes of boys and girls | Didactics |
| 2. | Pregnancy and childbirth | Homework for each individual participants | |||||||||
| 3. | Physiological phenomena and sexually transmitted diseases | ||||||||||
| 4. | Mental health and sex | Open-ended question on a provided education | |||||||||
| Sexual attitude | Yes | NA | Empowers children by providing competence in terms of CSA-related knowledge and self-protection behaviors. | 5. | Marriage/family and engaging in a relationship | ||||||
| 6. | Formation of values about sexuality | ||||||||||
| 7. | Sex roles | ||||||||||
| 8. | Causes and coping with sexual violence | ||||||||||
| 2 | Kim & Kang (2017) | Group intervention: C-SAPE intervention by school health teacher | 6 weeks / 6 (40 min) | Not provided | Knowledge of CSA | No | - | Prevent child sexual abuse and ultimately achieve health promotion for elementary school students. | 1. | Understanding C-SAPE | Didactics |
| 2. | Distinguishing between appropriate and inappropriate touch | Group activity | |||||||||
| 3. | Recognizing potential sexual abuse situations for sexual abuse | Role-playing | |||||||||
| Self-protective behaviors of CSA | Yes | d=0.62 | 4. | What can I do? | |||||||
| 5. | Choose the right to refuse and methods to avoid harm | ||||||||||
| 6. | How can I seek help | ||||||||||
| 3 | Kim, et al. (2018) | E-learning based intervention: sexual abuse prevention education by school health teacher | 1 week/6 (5 min) | Not provided | - | - | - | Improved recognition (awareness) and child's skills to avoid sexual abuse situations. | 1. | Knowing what sexual abuse is | Didactics |
| 2. | How to prevent sexual abuse in daily life | ||||||||||
| 3. | How to deal with sexual abuse in specific situations | ||||||||||
| 4. | Information about areas with a high risk of sexual abuse | ||||||||||
| 5. | How to acquire sex offender information | ||||||||||
| 6. | Wrap-up | ||||||||||
| 4 | Moon, et al. (2017) | E-learning based intervention: education utilized the SAP_MobAPP by research assistant | 3 weeks/8 (40 min) | Textbook -based education | Recognition of sexual abuse | No | - | Understand and respect oneself and others, and practice the importance of sexual etiquette | 1. | Classmates at the school | Didactics |
| Skills to avoid sexual abuse | No | 2. | Neighbors on the street | ||||||||
| Understand growth and accept changes in their bodies | 3. | Brother's friend at the playground | |||||||||
| 4. | Strangers at the park near home | ||||||||||
| Understand the love and responsibility of the family and practice ways to protect themselves from experiencing child abuse. | 5. | Strangers at home | |||||||||
| 6. | Neighbors in the elevator | ||||||||||
| 7. | Cousin at the house rooftop | ||||||||||
| 8. | Neighbors at the building stairs | ||||||||||
| 5 | Yoon, et al. (2009) | Group intervention: sex education program by school health teacher | 2 weeks/10 (40 min) | Not provided | - | - | - | 1. | I want to be friends! | Didactics | |
| 2. | Let's follow sex etiquette! | Group activity | |||||||||
| 3. | How much do you know about your body? | ||||||||||
| 4. | I really am curious! | ||||||||||
| 5. | How does the baby grow on her mother's belly? | ||||||||||
| 6. | Sexual violence, no! | ||||||||||
| 7. | I behave like me and you behave like you. | ||||||||||
| 8. | Family together. | ||||||||||
| 9. | How can a baby grow up healthy? | ||||||||||
| 10 | . Are you being loved? | ||||||||||
C-SAPE=Child sexual abuse prevention education; CSA=Child sexual abuse mobile application; SAP_MobAPP=Sexual abuse prevention mobile application; NA=Not applicable.