| Literature DB >> 35004416 |
Hooyun Lee, Eun Kyoung Choi, Heejung Kim, Ho-Seon Kim, Hee-Soon Kim.
Abstract
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate associations between self-management and diabetes knowledge, diabetesrelated attitudes, family support, and self-efficacy in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus based on the information-motivation- behavior skills model.Entities:
Keywords: Adolescent; Self-efficacy; Self-management; Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Year: 2019 PMID: 35004416 PMCID: PMC8650926 DOI: 10.4094/chnr.2019.25.2.234
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Child Health Nurs Res ISSN: 2287-9110
Fig. 1.Modified version of the information-motivation-behavioral skills model.
Socio-demographic Disease-specific Characteristics (N=87)
| Variables | Characteristics | Categories | n (%) | M±SD |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Socio-demographic characteristics | Sex | Male | 41 (47.1) | - |
| Female | 46 (52.9) | |||
| Age | 12~15 | 49 (56.3) | 15.20±2.29 | |
| 16~19 | 38 (43.7) | |||
| BMI (%ile)[ | 85~90 (overweight) | 7 (8.0) | - | |
| ≥95 (obesity) | 2 (2.3) | |||
| Education level | ≤Middle school | 47 (54.0) | - | |
| ≥High school | 40 (46.0) | |||
| City | Metropolis[ | 77 (88.5) | - | |
| Others | 10 (11.5) | |||
| Perceived economic level | High | 4 (4.6) | - | |
| Middle | 78 (89.7) | |||
| Low | 5 (5.7) | |||
| Most supportive family member with regards to disease management | Father | 7 (8.0) | - | |
| Mother | 76 (87.4) | |||
| Grandparents | 1 (1.1) | |||
| None | 3 (3.5) | |||
| Disease-specific characteristics | Years since DM diagnosis | <5 | 39 (44.8) | 5.71±4.36 |
| ≥5 | 48 (65.2) | |||
| Most recent self-reported HbA1C level (%)[ | <7.5 | 45 (62.5) | 8.01±2.12 | |
| ≥7.5 | 27 (37.5) | |||
| Mode of insulin delivery | Long acting and rapid onset-fast acting | 80 (92.0) | - | |
| Mixed insulin (70/30) | 1 (1.1) | |||
| Insulin pump | 6 (6.9) | |||
| Frequency of blood sugar monitoring per day | ≤4 | 32 (36.8) | 6.30±3.48[ | |
| >4 | 46 (52.9) | |||
| Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) | 9 (10.3) | |||
| Hospitalizations due to diabetes | None | 28 (32.2) | - | |
| 1 | 36 (41.4) | |||
| ≥2 | 23 (26.4) | |||
| Complications secondary to DM | Hypoglycemia | 52 (59.8) | - | |
| Hypoglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis | 25 (28.7) | |||
| Hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, and nephropathy | 3 (3.5) | |||
| Diabetic retinopathy | 1 (1.1) | |||
| None | 6 (6.9) | |||
| Follow-up period (month) | ≤3 | 75 (86.2) | 3.16±1.14 | |
| >3 | 12 (13.8) | |||
| Diabetes camp experience | Yes | 43 (49.4) | - | |
| No | 44 (50.6) |
Excluding underweight or normal weight;
Including Seoul and other metropolitan cities;
Calculated with the exclusion of patients who did not respond;
Calculated with the exclusion of patients with continuous glucose monitoring;
BMI=Body mass index; DM=Diabetes mellitus; HbA1C=Hemoglobin A1C.
Levels of Diabetes Knowledge, Diabetes-related Attitudes, Family Support, Self-efficacy, and Self-management (N=87)
| Variables | M±SD | Possible range | Actual range |
|---|---|---|---|
| Diabetes knowledge | 17.67±2.90 | 0~23 | 5~22 |
| General knowledge | 10.21±1.84 | 0~14 | 2~14 |
| Insulin use | 7.46±1.52 | 0~9 | 3~9 |
| Diabetes-related attitudes | 31.08±3.85 | 7~35 | 20~35 |
| Value of tight glucose control | 8.91±1.28 | 2~10 | 4~10 |
| Patient autonomy | 22.17±2.95 | 5~25 | 14~25 |
| Family support | 69.63±11.05 | 16~80 | 27~80 |
| Therapeutic | 56.20±9.38 | 13~65 | 21~65 |
| Emotional | 13.47±2.09 | 3~15 | 5~15 |
| Self-efficacy | 64.25±9.85 | 20~80 | 38~80 |
| Exercise | 5.80±1.52 | 2~8 | 2~8 |
| Diet | 9.32±1.82 | 3~12 | 5~12 |
| Medication administration | 6.84±1.17 | 2~8 | 4~8 |
| Self-monitoring of blood glucose | 9.62±2.18 | 3~12 | 4~12 |
| Problem-solving | 15.77±2.88 | 5~20 | 9~20 |
| Reduce risk | 16.90±2.38 | 5~20 | 11~20 |
| Self-management | 61.23±10.00 | 16~80 | 29~80 |
| Glycemic control | 15.32±2.87 | 4~20 | 4~20 |
| Insulin injection | 7.80±2.03 | 2~10 | 2~10 |
| Dietary control | 10.51±2.42 | 3~15 | 4~15 |
| Hygiene control | 7.71±1.54 | 2~10 | 3~10 |
| Exercise control | 3.62±1.04 | 1~5 | 1~5 |
| Rest | 3.63±0.98 | 1~5 | 1~5 |
| Regular check-up | 3.83±0.90 | 1~5 | 2~5 |
| Hypoglycemia handling | 4.31±0.78 | 1~5 | 2~5 |
| Hyperglycemia handling | 4.16±1.01 | 1~5 | 1~5 |
Differences in Diabetes Knowledge, Diabetes-related Attitudes, Family Support, Self-efficacy, and Self-management according to Socio-demographic Characteristics (N=87)
| Characteristics | Categories | Diabetes knowledge | Diabetes-related attitudes | Family support | Self-efficacy | Self-management | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M±SD | t or F ( | M±SD | t or F ( | M±SD | t or F ( | M±SD | t or F ( | M±SD | t or F ( | ||
| Sex | Male | 17.83±2.44 | 0.49 (.624) | 31.71±3.56 | 1.44 (.153) | 71.34±9.63 | 1.37 (.175) | 65.32±9.80 | 0.95 (.344) | 62.24±10.59 | 0.89 (.375) |
| Female | 17.52±3.27 | 30.52±4.05 | 68.11±12.08 | 63.30±9.90 | 60.33±9.48 | ||||||
| Age (year) | 12~15 | 17.73±2.74 | 0.25 (.805) | 31.37±3.53 | .79 (.433) | 71.31±8.66 | 1.54 (.130) | 64.86±9.41 | 0.65 (.519) | 62.14±9.97 | 0.97 (.337) |
| 16~19 | 17.58±3.13 | 30.71±4.25 | 67.47±13.35 | 63.47±10.46 | 60.05±10.06 | ||||||
| BMI (kg/m2)[ | 85~90 (overweight) | 17.29±2.56 | 0.88 (.409) | 30.86±3.72 | 0.21 (.844) | 61.29±15.72 | 1.30 (.235) | 64.57±12.00 | 0.48 (.647) | 61.57±12.60 | 0.15 (.887) |
| ≥95 (obesity) | 19.00±1.41 | 31.50±4.95 | 76.50±3.54 | 60.00±11.31 | 60.00±16.97 | ||||||
| Education level | ≤Middle school | 17.74±2.77 | 0.27 (.787) | 31.45±3.58 | 0.96 (.339) | 71.13±8.63 | 1.33 (.188) | 64.72±9.21 | 0.48 (.632) | 61.85±10.34 | 0.63 (.533) |
| ≥High school | 17.58±3.07 | 30.65±4.15 | 67.88±13.25 | 63.70±10.64 | 60.50±9.69 | ||||||
| City | Metropolis[ | 17.50±2.83 | 0.54 (.590) | 30.70±3.97 | 0.92 (.360) | 67.25±12.49 | 2.07 (.041)[ | 62.68±9.64 | 1.52 (.133) | 60.43±10.62 | 0.75 (.455) |
| Others | 17.84±2.98 | 31.47±3.74 | 72.07±8.84 | 65.86±9.91 | 62.05±9.39 | ||||||
| Perceived economic level | Higha | 16.00±2.31 | 0.71 (.495) | 26.00±3.16a | 4.05 (.021)[ | 60.00±15.75 | 1.76 (.179) | 58.00±14.79 | 0.86 (.428) | 49.75±9.95 | 2.89 (.061) |
| Middleb | 17.73±2.94 | 31.27±3.79b | 70.26±10.83 | 64.60±9.40 | 61.82±9.27 | ||||||
| Low | 18.00±2.55 | 32.20±2.59c | a<b[ | 67.60±8.76 | 63.80±13.37 | 61.20±9.85 | |||||
| Most supportive family member[ | Mother | 17.68±2.98 | 0.51 (.951) | 31.29±3.45 | 0.25 (.805) | 69.97±10.12 | 1.16 (.251) | 64.63±9.38 | 0.14 (.889) | 61.32±9.50 | 1.04 (.303) |
| Other family members | 17.13±2.64 | 31.63±5.26 | 74.25±7.91 | 65.13±10.13 | 65.00±10.27 | ||||||
| Years since DM-diagnosis | <5 | 17.90±2.54 | 1.42 (.160) | 31.03±3.67 | 0.45 | 69.00±10.77 | 0.19 (.853) | 64.56±10.18 | 0.74 (.463) | 60.56±9.58 | 0.40 (.692) |
| ≥5 | 16.92±3.40 | 30.61±4.30 | (.654) | 68.50±12.47 | 62.81±10.47 | 61.50±10.81 | |||||
| HbA1C (%) | <7.5 | 18.00±2.83 | 0.35 (.725) | 31.13±4.31 | 0.28 (.777) | 70.18±11.28 | 0.68 (.497) | 64.69±10.07 | 0.85 (.401) | 60.91±10.97 | 0.25 (.806) |
| ≥7.5 | 18.22±2.12 | 30.85±3.65 | 68.33±10.78 | 62.59±10.39 | 60.30±8.84 | ||||||
| Frequency of blood sugar monitoring/ day[ | ≤4 | 16.97±2.31 | 1.71 (.091) | 30.28±3.78 | 1.38 (.172) | 68.19±10.61 | 1.45 (.152) | 62.94±10.17 | 0.74 (.460) | 59.41±11.37 | 1.32 (.192) |
| >4 | 18.13±3.32 | 31.48±3.77 | 71.52±9.57 | 64.57±9.04 | 62.43±8.94 | ||||||
| Hospitalization experience due to diabetes | None | 17.07±3.83 | 1.16 (.319) | 31.82±3.20 | 0.95 (.392) | 69.71±10.44 | 0.03 (.969) | 64.71±9.42 | 0.05 (.955) | 61.29±11.39 | 0.00 (.999) |
| 1 | 17.72±2.59 | 30.97±3.91 | 69.31±12.82 | 63.97±11.17 | 61.17±10.67 | ||||||
| ≥2 | 18.30±1.79 | 30.35±4.46 | 70.04±9.04 | 64.13±8.43 | 61.26±7.15 | ||||||
| Follow-up period (month) | ≤3 | 17.65±3.05 | 0.11 (.915) | 31.43±3.58 | 2.14 (.035)[ | 70.31±9.57 | 0.93 (.370) | 64.71±9.42 | 1.08 (.285) | 61.55±9.26 | 0.54 (.597) |
| >3 | 17.75±1.71 | 28.92±4.87 | 65.42±17.78 | 61.42±12.28 | 59.25±14.19 | ||||||
| Diabetes camp experience | Yes | 17.68±3.15 | 0.50 (.961) | 31.34±3.83 | 0.64 (.527) | 65.61±9.76 | 1.01 (.314) | 65.61±9.76 | 1.31 (.194) | 62.57±9.95 | 1.27 (.209) |
| No | 17.65±2.65 | 30.81±3.89 | 62.86±9.86 | 62.86±9.86 | 59.86±9.99 | ||||||
p<.050;
Excluding underweight or normal weight;
Including Seoul and other metropolitan cities;
Excluding answes of 'none' and 'etc';
Scheffé test;
Excluding patients with continuous glucose monitoring;
BMI=Body mass index; DM=Diabetes mellitus; HbA1C=Hemoglobin A1C.
Factors Associated with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Self-management in Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills Model (N=87)
| Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | SE | β | t |
| B | SE | β | t |
| B | SE | β | t |
| |
| (Constant) | 41.88 | 11.29 | - | 3.71 | <.001 | 25.54 | 11.35 | - | 2.16 | .033 | 11.94 | 10.07 | - | 1.18 | .239 |
| Age[ | -0.67 | 0.41 | -.15 | 1.63 | .107 | -0.29 | 0.39 | -.07 | 0.73 | .470 | -0.29 | 0.34 | -.07 | 0.84 | .403 |
| Diabetes knowledge | -0.64 | 0.33 | -.18 | 1.95 | .054 | -0.67 | 0.30 | -.18 | 2.05 | .044 | -0.28 | 0.27 | -.08 | 1.04 | .303 |
| Diabetes-related attitudes | 1.31 | 0.25 | .51 | 5.25 | <.001 | 0.89 | 0.26 | .34 | 3.49 | <.001 | 0.44 | 0.24 | .17 | 1.87 | .064 |
| Family support | 0.35 | 0.09 | .38 | 3.89 | <.001 | 0.17 | 0.08 | .19 | 2.03 | .045 | |||||
| Self-efficacy | 0.51 | 0.10 | .50 | 5.39 | <.001 | ||||||||||
| R2 | .306 | .414 | .569 | ||||||||||||
| Adjusted R2 | .281 | .386 | .542 | ||||||||||||
| F ( | 12.21 (<.001) | 14.50 (<.001) | 21.38 (<.001) | ||||||||||||
Continuos variable.