Development of strategies to support home-based exercise adherence after stroke: a Delphi consensus.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a set of strategies to enhance adherence to home-based exercises after stroke, and an overarching framework to classify these strategies.
METHOD: We conducted a four-round Delphi consensus (two online surveys, followed by a focus group then a consensus round). The Delphi panel consisted of 13 experts from physiotherapy, occupational therapy, clinical psychology, behaviour science and community medicine. The experts were from India, Australia and UK.
RESULTS: In round 1, a 10-item survey using open-ended questions was emailed to panel members and 75 strategies were generated. Of these, 25 strategies were included in round 2 for further consideration. A total of 64 strategies were finally included in the subsequent rounds. In round 3, the strategies were categorised into nine domains-(1) patient education on stroke and recovery, (2) method of exercise prescription, (3) feedback and supervision, (4) cognitive remediation, (5) involvement of family members, (6) involvement of society, (7) promoting self-efficacy, (8) motivational strategies and (9) reminder strategies. The consensus from 12 experts (93%) led to the development of the framework in round 4.
CONCLUSION: We developed a framework of comprehensive strategies to assist clinicians in supporting exercise adherence among stroke survivors. It provides practical methods that can be deployed in both research and clinical practices. Future studies should explore stakeholders' experiences and the cost-effectiveness of implementing these strategies. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

The multidisciplinary expert panel consisted of specialists in exercise prescription, behavioural science and community medicine, each having diverse experiences that contributed to the development of this multi-faceted framework of strategies.

We developed strategies specific to low-income and middle-income countries that are affordable and provide practical methods of implementation.

One of the limitations of this study was that the individuals with stroke and their caregivers were not included in the Delphi panel.

There was an unequal representation of experts from different specialities.

Introduction

Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability across the world.1 Rehabilitation is recommended to promote recovery, enhance independence and improve quality of life after a stroke.2 3 However, healthcare services and comprehensive stroke rehabilitation centres are often expensive and beyond people’s reach.4 5 Considering the limited access to hospital-based healthcare services after stroke,4 home-based rehabilitation is often preferred and sometimes the only option for stroke survivors living in low-resource settings.6 7 Home-based rehabilitation has been shown to have functional and cost benefits.8 9 Adherence to the home-based regimen is of utmost importance for any intervention to be beneficial.10 11 Improving adherence to exercise programmes after stroke has been shown to improve functional recovery.12

Non-adherence to physical exercises is a common problem among stroke survivors.13 The level of adherence to prescribed home-based exercises among Indian stroke survivors was found to be only 28%.14 Barriers to exercise after stroke include factors at the individual, interpersonal, organisational and community levels.15 Modifiable factors include lack of knowledge about stroke, lack of supervision and motivation, and inadequate exercise prescription by healthcare providers.15–17 Other factors that impact adherence include pain, fear of falls and poststroke fatigue.18 19 In addition, environmental factors such as cost, accessibility and transport are other barriers for people with chronic stroke. Thus, developing effective strategies that reinforce adherence to home-based exercises is important.19 As stated by the WHO, ‘increasing the effectiveness of adherence interventions may have a far greater impact on the health of the population than any improvement in specific medical treatments.’20 Therefore, improving adherence to post-stroke rehabilitation may enhance recovery and improve the quality of life among stroke survivors.21

Exercise adherence can be improved through motivational interventions, behavioural change strategies, multimedia, follow-up sessions, feedback, cognitive–behavioural therapy, skill training, self-monitoring, goal setting, coping strategies and coaching.21–23 However, there is limited information on how to practically incorporate these into clinical practice. Therefore, developing strategies for promoting post-stroke exercise adherence is essential.12 24 Identifying barriers affecting adherence to exercise, and developing strategies that can be practically implemented by stroke survivors to modify those barriers, increases the potential for improving exercise adherence.25 Thus, we aimed to develop a set of strategies to facilitate adherence to home-based exercises after stroke and a comprehensive framework to classify these strategies.

Methods

This study was a part of a doctoral thesis that was conducted in four phases. In the first phase, we measured the level of exercise adherence among community-living stroke survivors. In the second phase, we conducted qualitative interviews with stroke survivors to understand the factors affecting exercise adherence. Using the themes derived in the second phase, a Delphi study was conducted in the third phase to develop a framework of strategies to support adherence to the home exercise programme. The fourth phase involved testing the effectiveness of the developed framework of strategies in a pilot randomised controlled trial. The methods and findings of phases I, II and IV are published elsewhere.14 15 26 The current study (Delphi consensus) describes the process and findings of the third phase of the project.

Participant recruitment

Participants (experts) were recruited using purposive sampling. The criteria for selection were: (1) expertise in stroke/ behavioural change/community health, (2) having more than 10 years of clinical experience, (3) published in peer-reviewed journals, (4) involvement in translational and collaborative health research, and (5) employed in academia, research or clinical practice.

We identified the experts through the collaborative network of the Centre for Comprehensive Stroke Rehabilitation and Research at the Manipal Academy of Higher Education. We aimed to recruit a majority of experts from India to ensure suggestions were context-specific to low-income and middle-income countries. We invited experts to participate in the study from different fields (physiotherapy, occupational therapy, neurology, clinical psychology, community medicine and behaviour science) to ensure that the strategies were comprehensive and covered multiple aspects of adherence.

Experts were invited via email. Those who agreed to participate gave their written consent and were included in the study. We conducted a four-round Delphi consensus; two online surveys, followed by a focus group to build a set of adherence strategies for home-based exercises based on survey results, then a final online consensus round.27 Each round took 2 months. Experts were sent two reminder emails and any non-respondents were excluded from that round. Except for the focus group, the experts were blinded to each other for all rounds, and responses were anonymous. The Delphi rounds were conducted between January 2018 and December 2018. The primary investigator, an experienced stroke physiotherapist (AM) collected and analysed the data. The focus group was conducted by another investigator (JMS) who has more than 15 years of experience in neurological rehabilitation and qualitative studies.

Data collection and analysis

Round 1

Our previous study explored factors influencing adherence to home-based exercises among stroke survivors through in-depth interviews.15 Using this information, we categorised the barriers reported by the stroke survivors into internal and external factors using the Intervention Mapping approach.25 We also performed a literature search in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane using the search terms “physical exercises,” “adherence,” “compliance,” “behavior change,” and “health behavior.” We reviewed studies from the bibliographies of the relevant articles. We identified health behavioural change theories and existing strategies/interventions used for improving adherence to long-term therapies. Our review of the literature identified common principles for supporting adherence such as motivation, self-efficacy, social support, the role of family, online health support (mHealth) and behavioural change techniques.27–34 Our findings from the literature and our qualitative study were combined to form a 10-item survey using open-ended questions in SurveyMonkey software (https://www.surveymonkey.com/). The survey was then emailed to the expert panel (online supplemental file 1).

We merged the experts’ written responses to perform content analysis35 and coded the responses using ATLAS.ti V.8 software. The responses that were suggested by more than nine out of 13 (70%) experts were considered as ‘certain strategies’. Responses that were not common and suggested by less than nine experts were labelled ‘uncertain strategies’ for further consideration in round 2.

Round 2

The second survey, consisting of only the ‘uncertain strategies’, was emailed to the expert panel, and they were asked to agree/disagree on the given strategies and provide reasons for their opinion. For an ‘uncertain strategy’ to become a ‘certain strategy’, it needed to have a majority agreement, that is, 6 out of 11 experts. This process resulted in a final set of 64 strategies.

Round 3

We then conducted a face-to-face focus group to collate the included strategies into broader categories. The expert panel was asked to categorise the list of strategies into a specific domain. They also suggested practical ways of implementing the suggested strategies such as: who should design it, the content, how it should be delivered and target stakeholders. Any experts who could not be present at the focus group were emailed the categories and asked to evaluate the draft framework.

Round 4

The framework of strategies was sent to all the experts for minor modifications and approval. The consensus from the experts led to the development of the final framework. Figure 1 shows the development of the framework.

Figure 1

Process of development of adherence framework.

Patient and public involvement

While this Delphi study was conducted among subject experts; opinions of patients and caregivers were used to develop the open-ended questions included in the first round of the Delphi process. Qualitative interviews were conducted among community-dwelling stroke survivors to explore their exercise behaviour and barriers to exercise adherence in the second phase of this project. The patients’ opinions highlighted that not only patient-related factors, but family, healthcare system and community-level factors played a role in exercise non-adherence. This information was used in the development of open-ended questions that were included in the first round of the Delphi process. Therefore, the patients’ perceptions and needs were incorporated in this study for designing adherence strategies and framework.

Results

We invited 22 experts across India and abroad to participate in the Delphi survey. Thirteen consented to participate in the study and responded to round 1 (figure 2). The final panel consisted of physiotherapists (n=7), clinical psychologists (n=3), occupational therapist (n=1), behaviour scientist (n=1) and epidemiologist (n=1). Three experts were from Australia, one from the UK, and the remaining experts were from India. Each panel member had more than 10 years of clinical experience and multiple publications (table 1).

Figure 2

Flow of participants and response rate in each round.

Table 1

Details of participants

Participants	Qualification	Area of work	Expertise	Country
1	Epidemiologist	Research,Academic	Community and rural healthAssociated with the WHO, Indian Council of Medical Research and Global Burden of Disease Network	India
2	Occupational Therapist	Clinical	Stroke care and activities of daily living	Australia
3	Physiotherapist	Research,Academic	Stroke rehabilitation and physical activity. Associated with the World Stroke Organisation, Stroke Recovery and Rehabilitation Roundtable and Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury	Australia
4	Physiotherapist	Research	Stroke and cardio-respiratory fitness. Associated with the World Stroke Organisation and Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury	Australia
5	Physiotherapist	Clinical	Stroke rehabilitation	India
6	Physiotherapist	Research,Academic	Stroke rehabilitation	India
7	Physiotherapist	Research,Academic	Community Physiotherapy, and technology in rehabilitation	India
8	Physiotherapist	Research,Academic,Clinical	Physical activity epidemiology	India
9	Physiotherapist	Research,Academic,Clinical	Stroke rehabilitation	India
10	Behaviour scientist	Research	Behaviour change evidence and theories. Designing and evaluation of behaviour change interventions	UK
11	Clinical Psychologist	Research,Academic,Clinical	Cognitive rehabilitation, behavioural therapies	India
12	Clinical Psychologist	Research,Academic,Clinical	Cognitive rehabilitation, behavioural therapies	India
13	Clinical Psychologist	Research,Academic,Clinical	Cognitive rehabilitation, behavioural therapies	India

Round 1

The open-ended survey and the summary of responses received in the first round are provided in online supplemental file 1. The content analysis of the responses received in round one yielded a total of 75 strategies. Of these, 50 strategies were suggested by more than nine experts (ie,>70%) and were considered ‘certain’. The remaining 25 were considered ‘uncertain’ strategies (suggested by less than nine experts) and were included in the next round for further consideration.

Round 2

The response rate for round two was 85% (11 experts.) More than 60% of experts agreed on 14 out of 25 uncertain strategies and hence those were included. The remaining 11 strategies with less than 60% agreement were excluded. The percentage of agreement for each uncertain strategy is provided in online supplemental file 2. We included a total of 64 strategies (50+14) for the subsequent rounds.

Round 3

Six experts (three clinical psychologists, two physiotherapists and one epidemiologist) participated in the face-to-face focus group. The remaining seven experts responded via email and provided input to the framework. The final 64 strategies were grouped into nine domains (table 2).

Table 2

Grouping of strategies into specific domains

Items	Domains	Strategies
1	Patient education on stroke and recovery	Patient education about stroke and its treatment  Patient education on adherence  Caregiver education and involvement  Written instructions and pictures  Testimonials from recovered patients  Information on support agencies  Benefits of exercise  Psycho-education
2	Exercise prescription	Written instructions and pictures  Videos of exercises  Task-oriented training  Prioritising on a few tasks at a time  Meaningful and relevant exercises  Breaking down exercises into smaller steps  Individualised programme  Fun and engaging exercises  mHealth applications  Demonstrate and practice exercises
3	Feedback and supervision	mHealth applications  Activity log  Feedback from patients  Feedback on their progress  Exercise charts with video/audiorecording  Asking to tell approach  Clearing doubts by the medical team  Regular contact with therapists  Recording exercises for feedback  Regular monitoring  Understand previous exposure with exercises
4	Cognitive remediation	Educating on the benefits of exercise  Motivational interviewing  Cognitive–behavioural therapy techniques  Behavioural activation  Contingency charts  Involving group sessions  Meaningful tasks  Psycho-education
5	Involvement of family members	Exercise buddies  Emotional support  Assessing knowledge and understanding of the family on the importance of exercise  Rotate family members in care giving  Activity scheduling
6	Involvement of society	Involvement of friends  Involving group sessions  Modelling behaviour  Support and exercise groups  Social comparison
7	Promoting self-efficacy	Personal graph charts  Reduce the no of alternatives presented to the patient  Provide activities that can be done independently  Standardised assessment  Goal setting  Self-efficacy enhancement: using substitution and optimisation principles  Ongoing support  Methods of tracking exercises  Coaching methodology  Psycho-education
8	Motivational strategies	Patient’s videos to show improvement  mHealth (any form of monitoring, consultation, assessment, or therapy delivered using mobile devices)  Interim assessments  Feedback on progress—importance to micro gains  Positive log diary  Wall of fame/display board  Provide tokens and badges for improvement  Methods of education and counselling  Devise colour bands (coded for level of recovery)  Intra-group competition  Avoid direct comparison
9	Reminder strategies	Reminder phone calls  Use of media  Sticky notes  Alarms/music clips  Auditory—use voice recording during therapy sessions  Logbook  Posters in the waiting area for hospital settings  WhatsApp (or similar) for reminder

Round 4

The final framework of strategies for improving home-based exercise adherence was agreed on by 12 (93% response rate) experts. The experts agreed that the exercise-related strategies should be designed and delivered by therapists having experience in stroke care such as an occupational therapist, physiotherapist, physiatrist or stroke nurse. They suggested that the strategies requiring behavioural techniques should be designed and supervised by a licensed clinical psychologist or behaviour therapist. In the following section, we have highlighted the key suggestions from the expert committee under each domain. The details of the framework are provided in online supplemental file 3.

Strategies for improving adherence to home-based exercises post stroke under each domain

Domain I: patient education on stroke and recovery

Experts agreed that the patient education should comprise of: (1) usual time course and speed of recovery, (2) the impact of practice and exercise on recovery, (3) adverse effects of rest and positive effects of activity, (4) the importance of secondary risk factor management, (5) managing complications (e.g., spasticity, pain, fatigue, contracture, depression), (6) complementary medicine (including traditional medicines and religious practices), (7) importance of adhering to the exercise programme, dosage of the exercise programme, (8) role of a caregiver, (9) recovery and return (interaction between severity and prognosis), (10) proper positioning techniques and (11) misconceptions about stroke recovery.

Methods recommended for delivering education included: written information, individual discussions, and phone calls that are individually tailored to each patient’s needs, as well as conducting group sessions wherein testimonials from recovered patients and their caregivers are presented.

Domain II: methods of exercise prescription

Exercises that are prescribed should be task-specific and individually tailored based on each persons’ impairments, goals and context. These exercises should be reinforced using demonstration and practice. Exercise prescription should include personalised information or messages of personal encouragement.

Additional ways for prescribing exercises may include written or pictorial instructions, videos of exercises, voice-assisted programme or internet-based applications. Other ways that can support adherence are video recording of patients' exercise performance, splitting the exercise into smaller steps for severe impairments and gradually increasing difficulty level. Gaming or gamification may also facilitate exercise adherence since it gives a sense of achievement and reinforces exercise behaviour.

Domain III: feedback and supervision

For regular feedback and supervision, maintaining an exercise log, everyday activity status or updates that are monitored by the medical team could be useful for supporting adherence.

Having therapists clear any doubt that patients might have about their exercise prescription, routinely ask patients about their progress and periodically ask patients to give feedback about the quality of their interaction with therapists will provide a sense of supervision and accountability, thus facilitating adherence.

There should be regular contact with the therapists (in person or via telehealth.) Therapists can use recorded audio/video clips, individual or group discussions for feedback and supervision. Therapists should use standardised assessments to measure clinical outcomes and provide feedback on progress.

Domain IV: cognitive remediation

The experts in behavioural science and cognitive rehabilitation agreed on prescribing tasks that are focused on functional recovery, planning the exercise centred on individual goals and understanding the patient’s motivation before the treatment session. Motivational interviewing or motivation enhancement therapy could be used to understand their baseline motivational level and establish intrinsic motivation for behavioural change. Providing positive feedback and reinforcement for small improvements engenders confidence in patients. Additionally, having a contingency plan for days when exercises could not be performed would prevent abrupt cessation of the exercise routine. Using behavioural activation (a treatment technique used in clinical psychology for managing depression) so that patients perform one enjoyable activity each day would keep them motivated to stick to their exercise schedule.

Domain V: involvement of the family members

Experts suggested that the family should be involved; however, the amount of assistance provided by the family needs to be balanced so as not to promote dependency. Assessing knowledge and understanding of the caregivers on post stroke exercises is crucial for them to reinforce patients’ adherence. Family can be involved by being the patient’s exercise partners, or by setting up exercise reminders, or by helping track the patient’s progress. Demonstrating and practising exercises with family can also enhance the self-efficacy and confidence of caregivers.

Managing the expressed emotions of the family members is important as it may hinder treatment and restrict the patient’s autonomy. Rotating family members in the supervision of the patient’s activities can help in reducing burnout and maintaining novelty in routine.

Domain VI: involvement of society/ community

Family and friends can interact with the patient on topics not concerning the illness (areas of interest to the patient such as work/politics/current affairs/sports.) Some strategies for involving society include having weekly phone/face-to-face interactions with colleagues, family, and friends, or joining/creating support groups or associations of families with stroke. Testimonials of recovered patients and their experiences with rehabilitation can be used for motivating other patients. Additional ways to include community are awareness programmes for healthy adults, local group exercise for people with stroke and peer support or exercise buddies.

Domain VII: promoting self-efficacy

Experts suggested using evidence-based behaviour change strategies (e.g., the Capacity Opportunity Motivation-Behaviour model,36 or Intervention Mapping approach25 and using rehabilitation principles of substitution and optimisation. Some suggested strategies to promote self-efficacy include:

Collaborating with patients to devise the best monitoring strategy for them such as exercise practice sheets, paper, electronic diary or internet-based applications.

Providing continual support after the termination of the formal therapy programme.

Providing personal graph charts of success that can be generated weekly or monthly.

Ensuring an adequate number of activities in which the patient can engage independently or with minimal supervision.

Identifying anchors in the day (sleep times/meals/activities—exercise, recreation, social) and setting a general intention of sticking to their exercise programme or developing contingency ‘if/then’ plans.

Discuss and explore potential barriers that would impede or hinder exercise sessions with patients.

Overcome barriers using pie charts, pros versus cons analysis/identification of cognitive distortions/downward arrow techniques/developing a life brochure/movement or art-based therapeutic activities.

Motivation interviewing to help to elicit patients’ intention to adhere to exercises and understand their motivation level.

Domain VIII: motivational strategies

Panel experts suggested that motivation can be facilitated by establishing positive feedback mechanisms at home with caregivers’ help to reward adherence. Motivational strategies can be implemented as follows:

Showing functional improvements or devising individual graphs (every three sessions plus monthly).

Having a display board/wall of fame where ‘patient of the month’ and photos of patients achieving good outcomes could be displayed in a rehabilitation centre or common mHealth application.

Using productivity monitoring tools to keep them motivated.

Maintaining a daily log for positive feelings or gratitude journal, and telephone follow-up where the medical team provides words of encouragement can promote adherence.

Having video feedback at regular intervals, setting progressive but attainable targets, and involving patients in goal setting may motivate patients to continue exercising.

Devising wrist bands of different colours (coded for level of recovery and mastery of tasks).

Giving t-shirts or wrist bands of that colour and upgrading as they progress to encourage regular exercising.

Competitions during group sessions among people with similar impairments and provide tokens or badges for improvement that can be exchanged for tangible rewards to make exercising fun and interesting.

Having an interactive internet-based community where people can add friends to motivate each other to exercise can also be a solution in times of social distancing.

Domain IX: reminder strategies

Experts agreed on reminder strategies including:

Calling patients regularly and visiting them weekly or fortnightly.

Using sticky notes in the patients’ homes, tally sheets, pamphlets or text messages/WhatsApp reminders.

Therapists can show exercise videos so that patients can accurately remember each exercise step and use the same video for home practice.

Use of technology such as sending small feedback surveys, disease information, scientific literature, and progress cards to keep the patients engaged and motivated to continue exercises.

Using daily logs (electronic or paper-and-pencil) and weekly reviewing of the exercise log to help stick to a schedule.

Discussion

We aimed to develop a comprehensive set of clinically applicable strategies for optimising adherence to home-based exercises after a stroke. In a Delphi method, experts from different fields co-construct knowledge and provide recommendations on a particular topic.37 In our study, we incorporated knowledge from experts in exercise science, behaviour science and experts experienced in community care to develop the set of strategies.

The 10-item open-ended survey, used in the first round, was based on our qualitative study15 that explored factors influencing adherence among stroke survivors using the Intervention Mapping approach,38 which is underpinned by the Socio-Ecological Model.39 Our framework is constructed on the Socio-Ecological Model of behavioural change. Since there is limited access to healthcare facilities, higher cost of clinic-based rehabilitation, and lack of transport to hospital setup in low resource settings, home-based exercise adherence becomes crucial for recovery. The developed adherence strategies could be influential for the success of home-based rehabilitation in the long term.

The suggested strategies were categorised into nine domains, which were in line with the findings in existing systematic reviews.21 40 41 The included studies reported behaviour strategies and theories such as self-efficacy,21 motivational interventions,40 social-cognitive theory,32 activity-monitoring, feedback system, goal-setting,41 self-regulated exercises,42 for improving adherence. However, none of the studies had used Delphi approaches and provided broad concepts for enhancing exercise adherence without providing specific context, culture or techniques for delivering the interventions.

Adherence is affected by multiple factors such as age, self-efficacy, caregiver support, previous exercise behaviour, the severity of stroke and stages of stroke recovery.18–20 43 44 Therefore, the framework of strategies provides the opportunity to individualise the strategies based on each person’s impairments, recovery, the severity of stroke and available support system. The exercises can be tailored depending on the abilities and context of each person.

Adherence to poststroke rehabilitation is a dynamic process and changes with each stage of recovery, characterised by a higher adherence rate during the initial period of recovery, followed by a slow decrease in adherence rate and a stable phase where adherence does not change much.45 Some strategies such as enhancing self-efficacy, activity scheduling, regular feedback and monitoring can be initiated during the early phase while strategies such as interim progress tracking, personal graphs, involvement of peer group, gamification of exercises, providing rewards, and reminders can be started gradually to break the monotony of ongoing exercise programmes and encourage adherence. Therefore, implementing these adherence strategies early in rehabilitation can be beneficial for maintaining adherent behaviour in the long term. The results from a meta-analysis of mixed disease populations demonstrated that adherence is low when perceived disease severity is high among patients with serious illnesses.46 However, future studies are needed to establish the effects of stroke severity on exercise adherence.

The different sets of strategies within the framework can be deployed to improve exercise adherence after stroke. The framework is useful for stroke survivors, caregivers and healthcare providers as it offers adherence techniques at a personal, interpersonal and organisational level. It gives clear recommendations on each strategy’s content, different ways of delivering it, healthcare professionals who should design it, and one who might benefit from those strategies.

The strategies that were agreed on by more than 60% of experts were included while the remaining uncertain strategies were excluded. The excluded strategies were participating in social events, regular checks by neighbours or games/competition with family/caregivers. Such strategies may improve the social interaction but may not be feasible due to the caregiver’s burden after stroke,47 and family members may not find adequate time for such activities. Other uncertain strategies such as virtual reality, circuit training or award function were excluded due to the cost, training and equipment required.15 Strategies such as educating patients on the location and types of stroke and educational movies were considered redundant for improving exercise adherence.48 Although social media such as Whatsapp was agreed on by the experts as a mode of reminder, Whatsapp groups were not preferred as a strategy due to fear of dissemination of inaccurate information among the participants and compromising the privacy of health information.

The key strength of this study lies in the multidisciplinary nature of the expert panel that was recruited, which included specialists in exercise prescription, experts in behaviour and community experts having diverse experiences that contributed to developing a multi-faceted framework of strategies. Due to the pandemic that has compromised clinic-based rehabilitation worldwide, these strategies can be delivered in any healthcare setting, are easy to implement, affordable and offer a comprehensive set of strategies to facilitate exercise adherence. We have tested the framework of strategies in a recent randomised controlled trial and found it to be effective in improving adherence levels among people with stroke.26 Choosing the strategies from the framework can help in the pragmatic implementation in clinical practice or research trials. The framework is a useful guide for both clinicians and researchers to select appropriate strategies for enhancing exercise adherence.

We did not include stroke survivors and caregivers in the Delphi panel which we consider a limitation of this study. However, the perceptions of stroke survivors were explored to develop the questionnaire for the first round.15 The representation of experts from each speciality was unequal which could have influenced the decision-making process that differentiated certain vs uncertain strategies. Hence, some of the strategies deemed uncertain may have clinical relevance for supporting adherence. Moreover, as the open-ended questionnaire was developed from the literature review and opinions of stroke survivors in the previous study, the experts did not get a chance to develop the initial themes.

Conclusion

A set of strategies and a framework for enhancing adherence to home-based exercises after stroke has been developed and classified under nine domains: patient education on stroke and recovery, exercise prescription, feedback and supervision, cognitive remediation, the involvement of family members, the involvement of society, promoting self-efficacy, motivational strategies and reminder strategies. In countries where home-based exercises are the mainstay of rehabilitation, these strategies could reinforce self-management and facilitate adherence in the long term. Future studies should explore the experiences of stakeholders in implementing these strategies using qualitative methods. The set of strategies could be incorporated in a telerehabilitation model and cost analysis could be performed in the future.