Emily Grenn1, Matthew Kutcher, William B Hillegass, Chinenye Iwuchukwu, Amber Kyle, Stephen Bruehl, Burel Goodin, Hector Myers, Uma Rao, Subodh Nag, Kerry Kinney, Harrison Dickens, Matthew C Morris. 1. From the Department of Surgery (E.G., M.K., C.I., A.K.), Department of Data Science (W.B.H.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi; Department of Anesthesiology (S.B.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Psychology (B.G.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Psychology (H.M.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior and Center for Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory (U.R.), University of California-Irvine, California; Children's Hospital of Orange County (U.R.), Orange, California; Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience & Pharmacology (S.N.), Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (K.K., H.D., M.C.M.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Racial disparities in trauma care have been reported for a range of outcomes, but the extent to which these remain after accounting for socioeconomic and environmental factors remains unclear. The objective of this study was to evaluate the unique contributions of race, health insurance, community distress, and rurality/urbanicity on trauma outcomes after carefully controlling for specific injury-related risk factors. METHODS: All adult (age, ≥18 years) trauma patients admitted to a single Level I trauma center with a statewide, largely rural, catchment area from January 2010 to December 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Primary outcomes were mortality, rehabilitation referral, and receipt of opioids in the emergency department. Demographic, socioeconomic, and injury characteristics as well as indicators of community distress and rurality based on home address were abstracted from a trauma registry database. RESULTS: Analyses revealed that Black patients (n = 13,073) were younger, more likely to be male, more likely to suffer penetrating injuries, and more likely to suffer assault-based injuries compared with White patients (n = 10,946; all p < 0.001). In adjusted analysis, insured patients had a 28% lower risk of mortality (odds ratio, 0.72; p = 0.005) and were 92% more likely to be referred for postdischarge rehabilitation than uninsured patients (odds ratio, 1.92; p = 0.005). Neither race- nor place-based factors were associated with mortality. However, post hoc analyses revealed a significant race by age interaction, with Black patients exhibiting more pronounced increases in mortality risk with increasing age. CONCLUSION: The present findings help disentangle the social determinants of trauma disparities by adjusting for place and person characteristics. Uninsured patients were more likely to die and those who survived were less likely to receive referrals for rehabilitation services. The expected racial disparity in mortality risk favoring White patients emerged in middle age and was more pronounced for older patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic and epidemiological, Level III.
BACKGROUND: Racial disparities in trauma care have been reported for a range of outcomes, but the extent to which these remain after accounting for socioeconomic and environmental factors remains unclear. The objective of this study was to evaluate the unique contributions of race, health insurance, community distress, and rurality/urbanicity on trauma outcomes after carefully controlling for specific injury-related risk factors. METHODS: All adult (age, ≥18 years) trauma patients admitted to a single Level I trauma center with a statewide, largely rural, catchment area from January 2010 to December 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Primary outcomes were mortality, rehabilitation referral, and receipt of opioids in the emergency department. Demographic, socioeconomic, and injury characteristics as well as indicators of community distress and rurality based on home address were abstracted from a trauma registry database. RESULTS: Analyses revealed that Black patients (n = 13,073) were younger, more likely to be male, more likely to suffer penetrating injuries, and more likely to suffer assault-based injuries compared with White patients (n = 10,946; all p < 0.001). In adjusted analysis, insured patients had a 28% lower risk of mortality (odds ratio, 0.72; p = 0.005) and were 92% more likely to be referred for postdischarge rehabilitation than uninsured patients (odds ratio, 1.92; p = 0.005). Neither race- nor place-based factors were associated with mortality. However, post hoc analyses revealed a significant race by age interaction, with Black patients exhibiting more pronounced increases in mortality risk with increasing age. CONCLUSION: The present findings help disentangle the social determinants of trauma disparities by adjusting for place and person characteristics. Uninsured patients were more likely to die and those who survived were less likely to receive referrals for rehabilitation services. The expected racial disparity in mortality risk favoring White patients emerged in middle age and was more pronounced for older patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic and epidemiological, Level III.
Authors: Amy J H Kind; Steve Jencks; Jane Brock; Menggang Yu; Christie Bartels; William Ehlenbach; Caprice Greenberg; Maureen Smith Journal: Ann Intern Med Date: 2014-12-02 Impact factor: 25.391
Authors: Adil H Haider; Paul Logan Weygandt; Jessica M Bentley; Maria Francesca Monn; Karim Abdur Rehman; Benjamin L Zarzaur; Marie L Crandall; Edward E Cornwell; Lisa A Cooper Journal: J Trauma Acute Care Surg Date: 2013-05 Impact factor: 3.313
Authors: Harrison Dickens; Uma Rao; Dustin Sarver; Stephen Bruehl; Kerry Kinney; Cynthia Karlson; Emily Grenn; Matthew Kutcher; Chinenye Iwuchukwu; Amber Kyle; Burel Goodin; Hector Myers; Subodh Nag; William B Hillegass; Matthew C Morris Journal: J Racial Ethn Health Disparities Date: 2022-03-28