| Literature DB >> 34908621 |
Mauricio Millán1,2, Michael W Parra3, Boris Sanchez-Restrepo4, Yaset Caicedo5, Carlos Serna4, Adolfo González-Hadad4,6,7, Luis Fernando Pino4,7, Mario Alain Herrera4,7, Fabian Hernández4,7, Fernando Rodríguez-Holguín5, Alexander Salcedo2,4,7,8, José Julián Serna2,8,7,8, Alberto García2,4,8, Carlos A Ordoñez2,4,8.
Abstract
Esophageal trauma is a rare but life-threatening event associated with high morbidity and mortality. An inadvertent esophageal perforation can rapidly contaminate the neck, mediastinum, pleural space, or abdominal cavity, resulting in sepsis or septic shock. Higher complications and mortality rates are commonly associated with adjacent organ injuries and/or delays in diagnosis or definitive management. This article aims to delineate the experience obtained by the Trauma and Emergency Surgery Group (CTE) of Cali, Colombia, on the surgical management of esophageal trauma following damage control principles. Esophageal injuries should always be suspected in thoracoabdominal or cervical trauma when the trajectory or mechanism suggests so. Hemodynamically stable patients should be radiologically evaluated before a surgical correction, ideally with computed tomography of the neck, chest, and abdomen. While hemodynamically unstable patients should be immediately transferred to the operating room for direct surgical control. A primary repair is the surgical management of choice in all esophageal injuries, along with endoscopic nasogastric tube placement and immediate postoperative care in the intensive care unit. We propose an easy-to-follow surgical management algorithm that sticks to the philosophy of "Less is Better" by avoiding esophagostomas.Entities:
Keywords: Esophageal stenosis; advanced trauma life support care; deglutition disorders; esophagus; fundoplication; laparotomy; mediastinal emphysema; negative-pressure wound therapy; thoracotomy; tracheoesophageal fistula
Mesh:
Year: 2021 PMID: 34908621 PMCID: PMC8634275 DOI: 10.25100/cm.v52i2.4806
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Colomb Med (Cali) ISSN: 0120-8322
AAST Esophageal Injury Classification
| Grade | Description |
|---|---|
| I | Contusion/Hematoma |
| Partial-thickness laceration | |
| II | Laceration < 50% of the circumference |
| III | Laceration > 50% of the circumference |
| IV | Segmental loss or devascularization < 2 cm |
| V | Segmental loss or devascularization > 2 cm |
Figure 1Algorithm for the management of esophageal trauma.
Figure 2Surgical approach to a cervical esophageal injury. A. The patient's head should be turned towards the right, exposing the anterior triangle of the neck. A left longitudinal incision should follow from the earlobe crease and extending to the sternal notch following the anterior border of the left sternocleidomastoid muscle. B. Primary suture repair is made by using 3-0 PDS absorbable suture as separate transfixing stitches in a single plane. Do not leave any perilesional drainage.
Figure 3Surgical approach to an inferior thoracic esophageal injury. A. Inferior thoracic esophageal injury. These injuries should be accessed via a left fourth or fifth intercostal posterolateral thoracotomy. B. Primary suture repair is made by using 3-0 PDS absorbable sutures as separate stitches in a single plane. C. The repair should be reinforced with a viable and well-perfused intercostal muscle patch. Finally, a chest tube should be placed and, if possible, the incision should be closed by planes.
Clasificación de la AAST del Trauma Esofágico
| Grado | Descripción de la Lesión |
|---|---|
| I | Contusión/Hematoma |
| Laceración de grosor parcial | |
| II | Laceración < 50% de la circunferencia |
| III | Laceración > 50% de la circunferencia |
| IV | Perdida segmentaria o devascularización < 2 cm |
| V | Perdida segmentaria o devascularización > 2 cm |
Figura 1Algoritmo de manejo del trauma de esófago.
Figura 2Abordaje cervical de lesión esofágica. A. Se posiciona al paciente con la cabeza rotada hacia la derecha, exponiendo el triángulo anterior del cuello. Se realiza una incisión longitudinal izquierda desde el lóbulo de la oreja hasta la horquilla esternal, por el borde anterior del musculo esternocleidomastoideo exponiendo la lesión esofágica cervical. B. El reparo primario se debe realizar con puntos separados transfixiantes en un solo plano con material absorbible 3-0 tipo PDS. No se dejan drenes perilesionales.
Figura 3Abordaje torácico de lesión esofágica. A. Lesión esofágica en el segmento torácico inferior. Esta herida debe ser abordada a través de una toracotomía posterolateral izquierda en el cuarto o quinto espacio intercostal. B. El reparo primario se logra con puntos separados en un solo plano con material absorbible 3-0 tipo PDS. C. Se debe proteger el área colocando un parche de musculo intercostal viable y bien perfundido. Posteriormente, se debe posicionar un tobo a tórax y cerrar la herida quirúrgica por planos, si es posible.
| 1) Why was this study conducted? |
| The aim of this article is to delineate the experience obtained by the Trauma and Emergency Surgery Group (CTE) of Cali, Colombia, on the surgical management of esophageal trauma following damage control principles. |
| 2) What were the most relevant results of the study? |
| Esophageal injuries should always be suspected in thoracoabdominal or cervical trauma when the trajectory or mechanism suggests so. Hemodynamically stable patients should be radiologically evaluated prior to a surgical correction, ideally with computed tomography of the neck, chest, and abdomen. While hemodynamically unstable patients should be immediately transferred to the operating room for direct surgical control. A primary repair is the surgical management of choice in all esophageal injuries, along with endoscopic nasogastric tube placement and immediate postoperative care in the intensive care unit. |
| 3) What do these results contribute? |
| The strategy of damage control surgery for esophageal injuries should always be, when possible, primary repair, endoscopic nasogastric tube placement, and close postoperative care in the intensive care unit. |
| 1) ¿Por qué se realizó este estudio? |
| El objetivo del presente artículo es describir la experiencia adquirida por el grupo de cirugía de Trauma y Emergencias (CTE) de Cali, Colombia en el manejo del trauma de esófago de acuerdo con los principios de la cirugía de control de daños. |
| 2) ¿Cuáles fueron los resultados más relevantes del estudio? |
| Las lesiones esofágicas deben sospecharse en todo trauma toraco-abdominal o cervical en el que el mecanismo o la trayectoria de la lesión lo sugieran. El paciente hemodinámicamente estable se debe estudiar con imágenes diagnósticas antes de la corrección quirúrgica del defecto, idealmente por medio de tomografía computarizada del cuello, tórax y abdomen con contraste endovenoso. Mientras que en el paciente hemodinámicamente inestable se debe explorar y controlar la lesión. El reparo primario es el manejo quirúrgico de elección, con la previa colocación de una sonda nasogástrica y el seguimiento postoperatorio estricto en la unidad de cuidado intensivo. |
| 3¿Qué aportan estos resultados? |
| La estrategia de control de daños del manejo de las lesiones esofágicas debe ser, siempre que sea posible, el reparo primario, la colocación de una sonda nasogástrica guiada por endoscopia y el seguimiento postoperatorio estrecho en la unidad de cuidados intensivos. |